Provided by: nix-bin_2.26.3+dfsg-1ubuntu2_amd64 
Name
nix flake - manage Nix flakes
Synopsis
nix flake [option…] subcommand
where subcommand is one of the following:
• nix flake archive - copy a flake and all its inputs to a store
• nix flake check - check whether the flake evaluates and run its tests
• nix flake clone - clone flake repository
• nix flake info - show flake metadata
• nix flake init - create a flake in the current directory from a template
• nix flake lock - create missing lock file entries
• nix flake metadata - show flake metadata
• nix flake new - create a flake in the specified directory from a template
• nix flake prefetch - download the source tree denoted by a flake reference into the Nix store
• nix flake show - show the outputs provided by a flake
• nix flake update - update flake lock file
Description
nix flake provides subcommands for creating, modifying and querying Nix flakes. Flakes are the unit for
packaging Nix code in a reproducible and discoverable way. They can have dependencies on other flakes,
making it possible to have multi-repository Nix projects.
A flake is a filesystem tree (typically fetched from a Git repository or a tarball) that contains a file
named flake.nix in the root directory. flake.nix specifies some metadata about the flake such as
dependencies (called inputs), as well as its outputs (the Nix values such as packages or NixOS modules
provided by the flake).
Flake references
Flake references (flakerefs) are a way to specify the location of a flake. These have two different
forms:
Attribute set representation
Example:
{
type = "github";
owner = "NixOS";
repo = "nixpkgs";
}
The only required attribute is type. The supported types are listed below.
URL-like syntax
Example:
github:NixOS/nixpkgs
These are used on the command line as a more convenient alternative to the attribute set representation.
For instance, in the command
# nix build github:NixOS/nixpkgs#hello
github:NixOS/nixpkgs is a flake reference (while hello is an output attribute). They are also allowed in
the inputs attribute of a flake, e.g.
inputs.nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs";
is equivalent to
inputs.nixpkgs = {
type = "github";
owner = "NixOS";
repo = "nixpkgs";
};
Following RFC 3986, characters outside of the allowed range (i.e. neither reserved characters nor
unreserved characters) must be percent-encoded.
Examples
Here are some examples of flake references in their URL-like representation:
• nixpkgs: The nixpkgs entry in the flake registry.
• nixpkgs/a3a3dda3bacf61e8a39258a0ed9c924eeca8e293: The nixpkgs entry in the flake registry, with its
Git revision overridden to a specific value.
• github:NixOS/nixpkgs: The master branch of the NixOS/nixpkgs repository on GitHub.
• github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-20.09: The nixos-20.09 branch of the nixpkgs repository.
• github:NixOS/nixpkgs/pull/357207/head: The 357207 pull request of the nixpkgs repository.
• github:NixOS/nixpkgs/a3a3dda3bacf61e8a39258a0ed9c924eeca8e293: A specific revision of the nixpkgs
repository.
• github:edolstra/nix-warez?dir=blender: A flake in a subdirectory of a GitHub repository.
• git+https://github.com/NixOS/patchelf: A Git repository.
• git+https://github.com/NixOS/patchelf?ref=master: A specific branch of a Git repository.
• git+https://github.com/NixOS/patchelf?ref=master&rev=f34751b88bd07d7f44f5cd3200fb4122bf916c7e: A
specific branch and revision of a Git repository.
• https://github.com/NixOS/patchelf/archive/master.tar.gz: A tarball flake.
Path-like syntax
Flakes corresponding to a local path can also be referred to by a direct path reference, either
/absolute/path/to/the/flake or./relative/path/to/the/flake. Note that the leading ./ is mandatory for
relative paths. If it is omitted, the path will be interpreted as URL-like syntax, which will cause error
messages like this:
error: cannot find flake 'flake:relative/path/to/the/flake' in the flake registries
The semantic of such a path is as follows:
• If the directory is part of a Git repository, then the input will be treated as a git+file: URL,
otherwise it will be treated as a path: url;
• If the directory doesn’t contain a flake.nix file, then Nix will search for such a file upwards in the
file system hierarchy until it finds any of:
1. The Git repository root, or
2. The filesystem root (/), or
3. A folder on a different mount point.
Contrary to URL-like references, path-like flake references can contain arbitrary unicode characters
(except # and ?).
Examples
• .: The flake to which the current directory belongs.
• /home/alice/src/patchelf: A flake in some other directory.
• ./../sub directory/with Ûñî©ôδ€: A flake in another relative directory that has Unicode characters in
its name.
Flake reference attributes
The following generic flake reference attributes are supported:
• dir: The subdirectory of the flake in which flake.nix is located. This parameter enables having
multiple flakes in a repository or tarball. The default is the root directory of the flake.
• narHash: The hash of the Nix Archive (NAR) serialisation (in SRI format) of the contents of the flake.
This is useful for flake types such as tarballs that lack a unique content identifier such as a Git
commit hash.
In addition, the following attributes are common to several flake reference types:
• rev: A Git or Mercurial commit hash.
• ref: A Git or Mercurial branch or tag name.
Finally, some attributes are typically not specified by the user, but can occur in locked flake
references and are available to Nix code:
• revCount: The number of ancestors of the commit rev.
• lastModified: The timestamp (in seconds since the Unix epoch) of the last modification of this version
of the flake. For Git/Mercurial flakes, this is the commit time of commit rev, while for tarball
flakes, it’s the most recent timestamp of any file inside the tarball.
Types
Currently the type attribute can be one of the following:
• indirect: The default. These are symbolic references to flakes that are looked up in the flake
registries. These have the form
[flake:]<flake-id>(/<rev-or-ref>(/rev)?)?
These perform a lookup of <flake-id> in the flake registry. For example, nixpkgs and
nixpkgs/release-20.09 are indirect flake references. The specified rev and/or ref are merged with
the entry in the registry; see nix registry for details.
For example, these are valid indirect flake references:
• nixpkgs
• nixpkgs/nixos-unstable
• nixpkgs/a3a3dda3bacf61e8a39258a0ed9c924eeca8e293
• nixpkgs/nixos-unstable/a3a3dda3bacf61e8a39258a0ed9c924eeca8e293
• sub/dir (if a flake named sub is in the registry)
• path: arbitrary local directories. The required attribute path specifies the path of the flake. The
URL form is
path:<path>(\?<params>)?
where path is an absolute path to a directory in the file system containing a file named
flake.nix.
If the flake at path is not inside a git repository, the path: prefix is implied and can be
omitted.
If path is a relative path (i.e. if it does not start with /), it is interpreted as follows:
• If path is a command line argument, it is interpreted relative to the current directory.
• If path is used in a flake.nix, it is interpreted relative to the directory containing that
flake.nix. However, the resolved path must be in the same tree. For instance, a flake.nix in
the root of a tree can use path:./foo to access the flake in subdirectory foo, but path:../bar
is illegal. On the other hand, a flake in the /foo directory of a tree can use path:../bar to
refer to the flake in /bar.
Path inputs can be specified with path values in flake.nix. Path values are a syntax for path
inputs, and they are converted by 1. resolving them into relative paths, relative to the base
directory of flake.nix 2. escaping URL characters (refer to IETF RFC?) 3. prepending path:
Note that the allowed syntax for path values in flake inputs may be more restrictive than general
Nix, so you may need to use path: if your path contains certain special characters. See Path
literals
Note that if you omit path:, relative paths must start with . to avoid ambiguity with registry
lookups (e.g. nixpkgs is a registry lookup; ./nixpkgs is a relative path).
For example, these are valid path flake references:
• path:/home/user/sub/dir
• /home/user/sub/dir (if dir/flake.nix is not in a git repository)
• path:sub/dir
• ./sub/dir
• path:../parent
• git: Git repositories. The location of the repository is specified by the attribute url.
They have the URL form
git(+http|+https|+ssh|+git|+file):(//<server>)?<path>(\?<params>)?
If path starts with / (or ./ when used as an argument on the command line) and is a local path to
a git repository, the leading git: or +file prefixes are implied and can be omitted.
The ref attribute defaults to resolving the HEAD reference.
The rev attribute must denote a commit that exists in the branch or tag specified by the ref
attribute, since Nix doesn’t do a full clone of the remote repository by default (and the Git
protocol doesn’t allow fetching a rev without a known ref). The default is the commit currently
pointed to by ref.
When git+file is used without specifying ref or rev, files are fetched directly from the local
path as long as they have been added to the Git repository. If there are uncommitted changes, the
reference is treated as dirty and a warning is printed.
For example, the following are valid Git flake references:
• git:/home/user/sub/dir
• /home/user/sub/dir (if dir/flake.nix is in a git repository)
• ./sub/dir (when used on the command line and dir/flake.nix is in a git repository)
• git+https://example.org/my/repo
• git+https://example.org/my/repo?dir=flake1
• git+https://example.org/my/repo?shallow=1 A shallow clone of the repository. For large
repositories, the shallow clone option can significantly speed up fresh clones compared to non-
shallow clones, while still providing faster updates than other fetch methods such as tarball:
or github:.
• git+ssh://git@github.com/NixOS/nix?ref=v1.2.3
• git://github.com/edolstra/dwarffs?ref=unstable&rev=e486d8d40e626a20e06d792db8cc5ac5aba9a5b4
• git+file:///home/my-user/some-repo/some-repo
• mercurial: Mercurial repositories. The URL form is similar to the git type, except that the URL schema
must be one of hg+http, hg+https, hg+ssh or hg+file.
• tarball: Tarballs. The location of the tarball is specified by the attribute url.
In URL form, the schema must be tarball+http://, tarball+https:// or tarball+file://. If the
extension corresponds to a known archive format (.zip, .tar, .tgz, .tar.gz, .tar.xz, .tar.bz2 or
.tar.zst), then the tarball+ can be dropped.
This can also be used to set the location of gitea/forgejo branches. See here
• file: Plain files or directory tarballs, either over http(s) or from the local disk.
In URL form, the schema must be file+http://, file+https:// or file+file://. If the extension doesn’t
correspond to a known archive format (as defined by the tarball fetcher), then the file+ prefix can be
dropped.
• github: A more efficient way to fetch repositories from GitHub. The following attributes are required:
• owner: The owner of the repository.
• repo: The name of the repository.
These are downloaded as tarball archives, rather than through Git. This is often much faster and uses
less disk space since it doesn’t require fetching the entire history of the repository. On the other
hand, it doesn’t allow incremental fetching (but full downloads are often faster than incremental
fetches!).
The URL syntax for github flakes is:
github:<owner>/<repo>(/<rev-or-ref>)?(\?<params>)?
<rev-or-ref> specifies the name of a branch or tag (ref), or a commit hash (rev). Note that unlike
Git, GitHub allows fetching by commit hash without specifying a branch or tag.
You can also specify host as a parameter, to point to a custom GitHub Enterprise server.
Some examples:
• github:edolstra/dwarffs
• github:edolstra/dwarffs/unstable
• github:edolstra/dwarffs/d3f2baba8f425779026c6ec04021b2e927f61e31
• github:internal/project?host=company-github.example.org
• gitlab: Similar to github, is a more efficient way to fetch GitLab repositories. The following
attributes are required:
• owner: The owner of the repository.
• repo: The name of the repository.
Like github, these are downloaded as tarball archives.
The URL syntax for gitlab flakes is:
gitlab:<owner>/<repo>(/<rev-or-ref>)?(\?<params>)?
<rev-or-ref> works the same as github. Either a branch or tag name (ref), or a commit hash (rev) can
be specified.
Since GitLab allows for self-hosting, you can specify host as a parameter, to point to any instances
other than gitlab.com.
Some examples:
• gitlab:veloren/veloren
• gitlab:veloren/veloren/master
• gitlab:veloren/veloren/80a4d7f13492d916e47d6195be23acae8001985a
• gitlab:openldap/openldap?host=git.openldap.org
When accessing a project in a (nested) subgroup, make sure to URL-encode any slashes, i.e. replace /
with %2F:
• gitlab:veloren%2Fdev/rfcs
• sourcehut: Similar to github, is a more efficient way to fetch SourceHut repositories. The following
attributes are required:
• owner: The owner of the repository (including leading ~).
• repo: The name of the repository.
Like github, these are downloaded as tarball archives.
The URL syntax for sourcehut flakes is:
sourcehut:<owner>/<repo>(/<rev-or-ref>)?(\?<params>)?
<rev-or-ref> works the same as github. Either a branch or tag name (ref), or a commit hash (rev) can
be specified.
Since SourceHut allows for self-hosting, you can specify host as a parameter, to point to any
instances other than git.sr.ht.
Currently, ref name resolution only works for Git repositories. You can refer to Mercurial
repositories by simply changing host to hg.sr.ht (or any other Mercurial instance). With the caveat
that you must explicitly specify a commit hash (rev).
Some examples:
• sourcehut:~misterio/nix-colors
• sourcehut:~misterio/nix-colors/main
• sourcehut:~misterio/nix-colors?host=git.example.org
• sourcehut:~misterio/nix-colors/182b4b8709b8ffe4e9774a4c5d6877bf6bb9a21c
• sourcehut:~misterio/nix-colors/21c1a380a6915d890d408e9f22203436a35bb2de?host=hg.sr.ht
Flake format
As an example, here is a simple flake.nix that depends on the Nixpkgs flake and provides a single package
(i.e. an installable derivation):
{
description = "A flake for building Hello World";
inputs.nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-20.03";
outputs = { self, nixpkgs }: {
packages.x86_64-linux.default =
# Notice the reference to nixpkgs here.
with import nixpkgs { system = "x86_64-linux"; };
stdenv.mkDerivation {
name = "hello";
src = self;
buildPhase = "gcc -o hello ./hello.c";
installPhase = "mkdir -p $out/bin; install -t $out/bin hello";
};
};
}
The following attributes are supported in flake.nix:
• description: A short, one-line description of the flake.
• inputs: An attrset specifying the dependencies of the flake (described below).
• outputs: A function that, given an attribute set containing the outputs of each of the input flakes
keyed by their identifier, yields the Nix values provided by this flake. Thus, in the example above,
inputs.nixpkgs contains the result of the call to the outputs function of the nixpkgs flake.
In addition to the outputs of each input, each input in inputs also contains some metadata about the
inputs. These are:
• outPath: The path in the Nix store of the flake’s source tree. This way, the attribute set can be
passed to import as if it was a path, as in the example above (import nixpkgs).
• rev: The commit hash of the flake’s repository, if applicable.
• revCount: The number of ancestors of the revision rev. This is not available for github
repositories, since they’re fetched as tarballs rather than as Git repositories.
• lastModifiedDate: The commit time of the revision rev, in the format %Y%m%d%H%M%S (e.g.
20181231100934). Unlike revCount, this is available for both Git and GitHub repositories, so it’s
useful for generating (hopefully) monotonically increasing version strings.
• lastModified: The commit time of the revision rev as an integer denoting the number of seconds
since 1970.
• narHash: The SHA-256 (in SRI format) of the Nix Archive (NAR) serialisation NAR serialization of
the flake’s source tree.
The value returned by the outputs function must be an attribute set. The attributes can have arbitrary
values; however, various nix subcommands require specific attributes to have a specific value (e.g.
packages.x86_64-linux must be an attribute set of derivations built for the x86_64-linux platform).
• nixConfig: a set of nix.conf options to be set when evaluating any part of a flake. In the interests
of security, only a small set of set of options is allowed to be set without confirmation so long as
accept-flake-config is not enabled in the global configuration:
• bash-prompt
• bash-prompt-prefix
• bash-prompt-suffix
• flake-registry
• commit-lock-file-summary
Flake inputs
The attribute inputs specifies the dependencies of a flake, as an attrset mapping input names to flake
references. For example, the following specifies a dependency on the nixpkgs and import-cargo
repositories:
# A GitHub repository.
inputs.import-cargo = {
type = "github";
owner = "edolstra";
repo = "import-cargo";
};
# An indirection through the flake registry.
inputs.nixpkgs = {
type = "indirect";
id = "nixpkgs";
};
Alternatively, you can use the URL-like syntax:
inputs.import-cargo.url = "github:edolstra/import-cargo";
inputs.nixpkgs.url = "nixpkgs";
Each input is fetched, evaluated and passed to the outputs function as a set of attributes with the same
name as the corresponding input. The special input named self refers to the outputs and source tree of
this flake. Thus, a typical outputs function looks like this:
outputs = { self, nixpkgs, import-cargo }: {
... outputs ...
};
It is also possible to omit an input entirely and only list it as expected function argument to outputs.
Thus,
outputs = { self, nixpkgs }: ...;
without an inputs.nixpkgs attribute is equivalent to
inputs.nixpkgs = {
type = "indirect";
id = "nixpkgs";
};
Repositories that don’t contain a flake.nix can also be used as inputs, by setting the input’s flake
attribute to false:
inputs.grcov = {
type = "github";
owner = "mozilla";
repo = "grcov";
flake = false;
};
outputs = { self, nixpkgs, grcov }: {
packages.x86_64-linux.grcov = stdenv.mkDerivation {
src = grcov;
...
};
};
Transitive inputs can be overridden from a flake.nix file. For example, the following overrides the
nixpkgs input of the nixops input:
inputs.nixops.inputs.nixpkgs = {
type = "github";
owner = "my-org";
repo = "nixpkgs";
};
It is also possible to “inherit” an input from another input. This is useful to minimize flake
dependencies. For example, the following sets the nixpkgs input of the top-level flake to be equal to the
nixpkgs input of the dwarffs input of the top-level flake:
inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "dwarffs/nixpkgs";
The value of the follows attribute is a /-separated sequence of input names denoting the path of inputs
to be followed from the root flake.
Overrides and follows can be combined, e.g.
inputs.nixops.inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "dwarffs/nixpkgs";
sets the nixpkgs input of nixops to be the same as the nixpkgs input of dwarffs. It is worth noting,
however, that it is generally not useful to eliminate transitive nixpkgs flake inputs in this way. Most
flakes provide their functionality through Nixpkgs overlays or NixOS modules, which are composed into the
top-level flake’s nixpkgs input; so their own nixpkgs input is usually irrelevant.
Lock files
Inputs specified in flake.nix are typically “unlocked” in the sense that they don’t specify an exact
revision. To ensure reproducibility, Nix will automatically generate and use a lock file called
flake.lock in the flake’s directory. The lock file is a UTF-8 JSON file. It contains a graph structure
isomorphic to the graph of dependencies of the root flake. Each node in the graph (except the root node)
maps the (usually) unlocked input specifications in flake.nix to locked input specifications. Each node
also contains some metadata, such as the dependencies (outgoing edges) of the node.
For example, if flake.nix has the inputs in the example above, then the resulting lock file might be:
{
"version": 7,
"root": "n1",
"nodes": {
"n1": {
"inputs": {
"nixpkgs": "n2",
"import-cargo": "n3",
"grcov": "n4"
}
},
"n2": {
"inputs": {},
"locked": {
"owner": "edolstra",
"repo": "nixpkgs",
"rev": "7f8d4b088e2df7fdb6b513bc2d6941f1d422a013",
"type": "github",
"lastModified": 1580555482,
"narHash": "sha256-OnpEWzNxF/AU4KlqBXM2s5PWvfI5/BS6xQrPvkF5tO8="
},
"original": {
"id": "nixpkgs",
"type": "indirect"
}
},
"n3": {
"inputs": {},
"locked": {
"owner": "edolstra",
"repo": "import-cargo",
"rev": "8abf7b3a8cbe1c8a885391f826357a74d382a422",
"type": "github",
"lastModified": 1567183309,
"narHash": "sha256-wIXWOpX9rRjK5NDsL6WzuuBJl2R0kUCnlpZUrASykSc="
},
"original": {
"owner": "edolstra",
"repo": "import-cargo",
"type": "github"
}
},
"n4": {
"inputs": {},
"locked": {
"owner": "mozilla",
"repo": "grcov",
"rev": "989a84bb29e95e392589c4e73c29189fd69a1d4e",
"type": "github",
"lastModified": 1580729070,
"narHash": "sha256-235uMxYlHxJ5y92EXZWAYEsEb6mm+b069GAd+BOIOxI="
},
"original": {
"owner": "mozilla",
"repo": "grcov",
"type": "github"
},
"flake": false
}
}
}
This graph has 4 nodes: the root flake, and its 3 dependencies. The nodes have arbitrary labels (e.g.
n1). The label of the root node of the graph is specified by the root attribute. Nodes contain the
following fields:
• inputs: The dependencies of this node, as a mapping from input names (e.g. nixpkgs) to node labels
(e.g. n2).
• original: The original input specification from flake.nix, as a set of builtins.fetchTree arguments.
• locked: The locked input specification, as a set of builtins.fetchTree arguments. Thus, in the example
above, when we build this flake, the input nixpkgs is mapped to revision
7f8d4b088e2df7fdb6b513bc2d6941f1d422a013 of the edolstra/nixpkgs repository on GitHub.
It also includes the attribute narHash, specifying the expected contents of the tree in the Nix store
(as computed by nix hash-path), and may include input-type-specific attributes such as the
lastModified or revCount. The main reason for these attributes is to allow flake inputs to be
substituted from a binary cache: narHash allows the store path to be computed, while the other
attributes are necessary because they provide information not stored in the store path.
The attributes in locked are considered “final”, meaning that they are the only ones that are passed
via the arguments of the outputs function of a flake. For instance, if locked contains a lastModified
attribute while the fetcher does not return a lastModified attribute, then the lastModified attribute
will be passed to the outputs function. Conversely, if locked does not contain a lastModified
attribute while the fetcher does return a lastModified attribute, then no lastModified attribute will
be passed. If locked contains a lastModifed attribute and the fetcher returns a lastModified
attribute, then they must have the same value.
• flake: A Boolean denoting whether this is a flake or non-flake dependency. Corresponds to the flake
attribute in the inputs attribute in flake.nix.
The original and locked attributes are omitted for the root node. This is because we cannot record the
commit hash or content hash of the root flake, since modifying flake.lock will invalidate these.
The graph representation of lock files allows circular dependencies between flakes. For example, here are
two flakes that reference each other:
{
inputs.b = ... location of flake B ...;
# Tell the 'b' flake not to fetch 'a' again, to ensure its 'a' is
# *this* 'a'.
inputs.b.inputs.a.follows = "";
outputs = { self, b }: {
foo = 123 + b.bar;
xyzzy = 1000;
};
}
and
{
inputs.a = ... location of flake A ...;
inputs.a.inputs.b.follows = "";
outputs = { self, a }: {
bar = 456 + a.xyzzy;
};
}
Lock files transitively lock direct as well as indirect dependencies. That is, if a lock file exists and
is up to date, Nix will not look at the lock files of dependencies. However, lock file generation itself
does use the lock files of dependencies by default.
Options
Logging-related options
• --debug
Set the logging verbosity level to ‘debug’.
• --log-format format
Set the format of log output; one of raw, internal-json, bar or bar-with-logs.
• --print-build-logs / -L
Print full build logs on standard error.
• --quiet
Decrease the logging verbosity level.
• --verbose / -v
Increase the logging verbosity level.
Miscellaneous global options
• --help
Show usage information.
• --offline
Disable substituters and consider all previously downloaded files up-to-date.
• --option name value
Set the Nix configuration setting name to value (overriding nix.conf).
• --refresh
Consider all previously downloaded files out-of-date.
• --version
Show version information.
Note
See man nix.conf for overriding configuration settings with command line flags.
nix3-flake(1)