Provided by: xa65_2.4.1-0.1_amd64 
NAME
xa - 6502/R65C02/65816 cross-assembler
SYNOPSIS
xa [OPTION]... FILE
DESCRIPTION
xa is a multi-pass cross-assembler for the 8-bit processors in the 6502 series (such as the 6502, 65C02,
6504, 6507, 6510, 7501, 8500, 8501 and 8502), the Rockwell R65C02, and the 16-bit 65816 processor. For a
description of syntax, see ASSEMBLER SYNTAX further in this manual page.
OPTIONS
-E Do not stop after 20 errors, but show all errors.
-v Verbose output.
-C No CMOS opcodes (default is to allow R65C02 opcodes).
-W No 65816 opcodes (default).
-w Allow 65816 opcodes.
-B Show lines with block open/close (see PSEUDO-OPS).
-c Produce o65 object files instead of executable files (no linking performed); files may contain
undefined references.
-o filename
Set output filename. The default is a.o65; use the special filename - to output to standard
output.
-P filename
Set listing filename. The default is none; use the special filename - to print the listing to
standard output.
-F format
Set listing format; default is plain. The only other currently supported format is html.
-e filename
Set errorlog filename; default is none.
-l filename
Set labellist filename; default is none. This is the symbol table and can be used by disassemblers
such as dxa(1) to reconstruct source.
-r Add cross-reference list to labellist (requires -l).
-Xcompatset
Enables compatibility settings to become more (not fully!) compatible with other 6502 assemblers
and codebases. Currently supported are compatibility sets MASM, CA65 and C, with XA23 available
as a deprecated option for codebases relying on compatibility with the previous version of xa.
Multiple compatibility sets may be specified and combined, e.g., -XMASM -XXA23.
-XMASM allows colons to appear in comments for MASM compatibility. This does not affect colon
interpretation elsewhere and may become the default in a future version.
-XCA65 adds syntactic features more compatible with ca65(1). It permits := for defining labels
(instead of plain =), and adds support for unnamed labels and "cheap" local labels using the @
character, but disables its other meaning for 24-bit mode (see ASSEMBLER SYNTAX).
-XC enables the usage of 0xHEX and 0OCTAL C-style number encodings.
-XXA23 restores partial compatibility with xa 2.3.x. In particular, it uses ^ for generating
control characters, disables escaped characters with \, allows nested multi-line comments, and
disables all predefined xa preprocessor macros. Although some portions of this option remain
supported syntax, the option itself is inherently deprecated and may be removed in the next 2.x or
3.x release.
-a Support ca65(1)-style unnamed labels using colons, but not the remainder of the other supported
ca65(1) features. This allows their use with 65816 mode, for example. Implies -XMASM.
-M This option is deprecated and will be removed in a future version; use -XMASM instead. Allows
colons to appear in comments for MASM compatibility. This does not affect colon interpretation
elsewhere, and may become the default in a future version.
-k Allow the carat (^) to mask a character with $1f/31. This can be used as a shorthand for control
characters, such as ^m^j becoming a carriage return followed by a linefeed.
-R Start assembler in relocating mode, i.e. use segments.
-U Do not allow undefined labels in relocating mode.
-Llabel
Defines label as an absolute (but undefined) label even when linking.
-b? addr
Set segment base for segment ? to address addr. ? should be t, d, b or z for text, data, bss or
zero segments, respectively.
-A addr
Make text segment start at an address such that when the file starts at address addr, relocation
is not necessary. Overrides -bt; other segments still have to be taken care of with -b.
-G Suppress list of exported globals.
-DDEF=TEXT
Define a preprocessor macro on the command line (see PREPROCESSOR).
-I dir Add directory dir to the include path (before XAINPUT; see ENVIRONMENT).
-O charset
Define the output charset for character strings. Currently supported are ASCII (default), PETSCII
(Commodore ASCII), PETSCREEN (Commodore screen codes) and HIGH (set high bit on all characters).
-p? Set the alternative preprocessor character to ?. This is useful when you wish to use cpp(1) and
the built-in preprocessor at the same time (see PREPROCESSOR). Characters may need to be quoted
for your shell (example: -p'~' ).
--help Show summary of options (-? is a synonym).
--version
Show version of program.
ASSEMBLER SYNTAX
An introduction to 6502 assembly language programming and mnemonics is beyond the scope of this manual
page. We invite you to investigate any number of the excellent books on the subject; one useful title is
"Machine Language For Beginners" by Richard Mansfield (COMPUTE!), covering the Atari, Commodore and Apple
8-bit systems, and is widely available on the used market.
xa supports both the standard NMOS 6502 opcodes as well as the Rockwell CMOS opcodes used in the 65C02
(R65C02). With the -w option, xa will also accept opcodes for the 65816. NMOS 6502 undocumented opcodes
are intentionally not supported, and should be entered manually using the .byte pseudo-op (see PSEUDO-
OPS). Due to conflicts between the R65C02 and 65816 instruction sets and undocumented instructions on
the NMOS 6502, their use is discouraged.
In general, xa accepts the more-or-less standard 6502 assembler format as popularised by MASM and
TurboAssembler. Values and addresses can be expressed either as literals, or as expressions; to wit,
123 decimal value
$234 hexadecimal value (0x234 accepted with -XC)
&123 octal (0123 accepted with -XC)
%010110 binary
* current value of the program counter
The ASCII value of any quoted character is inserted directly into the program text (example: "A" inserts
the byte "A" into the output stream); see also the PSEUDO-OPS section. This is affected by the currently
selected character set, if any.
Labels define locations within the program text, just as in other multi-pass assemblers. A label is
defined by anything that is not an opcode; for example, a line such as
label1 lda #0
defines label1 to be the current location of the program counter (thus the address of the LDA opcode). A
label can be explicitly defined by assigning it the value of an expression, such as
label2 = $d000
which defines label2 to be the address $d000, namely, the start of the VIC-II register block on Commodore
64 computers. The program counter * is considered to be a special kind of label, and can be assigned to
with statements such as
* = $c000
which sets the program counter to decimal location 49152. If -XCA65 is specified, you can also use := as
well as =.
With the exception of the program counter, labels cannot be assigned multiple times. To explicitly
declare redefinition of a label, place a - (dash) before it, e.g.,
-label2 = $d020
which sets label2 to the Commodore 64 border colour register. The scope of a label is affected by the
block it resides within (see PSEUDO-OPS for block instructions). A label may also be hard-specified with
the -L command line option.
Redefining a label does not change previously assembled code that used the earlier value. Therefore,
because the program counter is a special type of label, changing the program counter to a lower value
does not reorder code assembled previously and changing it to a higher value does not issue padding to
put subsequent code at the new location. This is intentional behaviour to facilitate generating
relocatable and position-independent code, but can differ from other assemblers which use this behaviour
for linking. However, it is possible to use pseudo-ops to simulate other assemblers' behaviour and use xa
as a linker; see PSEUDO-OPS and LINKING.
If -XCA65 or -a is specified, "unnamed" labels may be specified with : (i.e., no label, just a colon);
branches may then reference these unnamed labels with a colon and plus signs for forward branching or
minus signs for backward branching. For example (from the ca65(1) documentation),
: lda (ptr1),y ; #1
cmp (ptr2),y
bne :+ ; -> #2
tax
beq :+++ ; -> #4
iny
bne :- ; -> #1
inc ptr1+1
inc ptr2+1
bne :- ; -> #1
: bcs :+ ; #2 -> #3
ldx #$FF
rts
: ldx #$01 ; #3
: rts ; #4
Additionally, in -XCA65 mode, "cheap" local labels may be used, marked by the @ prefix. These temporary
labels exist only between two regular labels and automatically go out of scope with the next regular
label. This allows, with reasonable care, reuse of common label names like "loop."
For those instructions where the accumulator is the implied argument (such as asl and lsr; inc and dec on
R65C02; etc.), the idiom of explicitly specifying the accumulator with a is unnecessary as the proper
form will be selected if there is no explicit argument. In fact, for consistency with label handling, if
there is a label named a, this will actually generate code referencing that label as a memory location
and not the accumulator. Otherwise, the assembler will complain.
Labels and opcodes may take expressions as their arguments to allow computed values, and may themselves
reference other labels and/or the program counter. An expression such as lab1+1 (which operates on the
current value of label lab1 and increments it by one) may use the following operands, given from highest
to lowest priority:
* multiplication (priority 10)
/ integer division (priority 10)
+ addition (priority 9)
- subtraction (9)
<< shift left (8)
>> shift right (8)
>= => greater than or equal to (7)
> greater than (7)
<= =< less than or equal to (7)
< less than (7)
= equal to (6); == also accepted
<> >< does not equal (6); != also accepted
& bitwise AND (5)
^ bitwise XOR (4)
| bitwise OR (3)
&& logical AND (2)
|| logical OR (1)
Parentheses are valid. When redefining a label, combining arithmetic or bitwise operators with the =
(equals) operator such as += and so on are valid, e.g.,
-redeflabel += (label12/4)
Normally, xa attempts to ascertain the value of the operand and (when referring to a memory location) use
zero page, 16-bit or (for 65816) 24-bit addressing where appropriate and where supported by the
particular opcode. This generates smaller and faster code, and is almost always preferable.
Nevertheless, you can use these prefix operators to force a particular rendering of the operand. Those
that generate an eight bit result can also be used in 8-bit addressing modes, such as immediate and zero
page.
< low byte of expression, e.g., lda #<vector
> high byte of expression
! in situations where the expression could be understood as either an absolute or zero page value,
do not attempt to optimize to a zero page argument for those opcodes that support it (i.e., keep
as 16 bit word)
@ render as 24-bit quantity for 65816, even if smaller than 24 bits (must specify -w command-line
option, must not specify -XCA65)
` force further optimization, even if the length of the instruction cannot be reliably determined
(see NOTES'N'BUGS)
Expressions can occur as arguments to opcodes or within the preprocessor (see PREPROCESSOR for syntax).
For example,
lda label2+1
takes the value at label2+1 (using our previous label's value, this would be $d021), and will be
assembled as $ad $21 $d0 to disk. Similarly,
lda #<label2
will take the lowest 8 bits of label2 (i.e., $20), and assign them to the accumulator (assembling the
instruction as $a9 $20 to disk).
Comments are specified with a semicolon (;), such as
;this is a comment
They can also be specified in the C language style, using /* */ and // which are understood at the
PREPROCESSOR level (q.v.).
Normally, the colon (:) separates statements, such as
label4 lda #0:sta $d020
or
label2: lda #2
(note the use of a colon for specifying a label, similar to some other assemblers, which xa also
understands with or without the colon). This also applies to semicolon comments, such that
; a comment:lda #0
is understood as a comment followed by an opcode. To defeat this, use the -XMASM compatibility mode to
allow colons within comments; this may become the default in a future version. Colon statement separation
does not apply to /* */ and // comments, which are dealt with at the preprocessor level (q.v.).
PSEUDO-OPS
Pseudo-ops are false opcodes used by the assembler to denote meta- or inlined commands. Like most
assemblers, xa has a rich set.
.byt value1,value2,value3,...
Specifies a string of bytes to be directly placed into the assembled object. The arguments may be
expressions. Any number of bytes can be specified.
.asc "text1" ,"text2",...
Specifies a character string which will be inserted into the assembled object. Strings are
understood according to the currently specified character set; for example, if ASCII is specified,
they will be rendered as ASCII, and if PETSCII is specified, they will be translated into the
equivalent Commodore ASCII equivalent. Other non-standard ASCIIs such as ATASCII for Atari
computers should use the ASCII equivalent characters; graphic and control characters should be
specified explicitly using .byt for the precise character you want. Note that when specifying the
argument of an opcode, .asc is not necessary; the quoted character can simply be inserted (e.g.,
lda #"A" ), and is also affected by the current character set. Any number of character strings
can be specified.
.byt and .asc are synonymous, so you can mix things such as .byt $43, 22, "a character string" and get
the expected result. The string is subject to the current character set, but the remaining bytes are
inserted without modification.
.aasc "text1" ,"text2",...
Specifies a character string that is always rendered in true ASCII regardless of the current
character set. Like .asc, it is synonymous with .byt.
.word value1,value2,value3...
Specifies a string of 16-bit words to be placed into the assembled object in 6502 little-endian
format (that is, low-byte/high-byte). The arguments may be expressions. Any number of words can be
specified.
.dsb length,fillbyte
Specifies a data block; a total of length repetitions of fillbyte will be inserted into the
assembled object. For example, .dsb 5,$10 will insert five bytes, each being 16 decimal, into the
object. The arguments may be expressions. If only a single argument is provided, then the argument
is treated as a number of null bytes to insert. See LINKING for how to use this pseudo-op to link
multiple objects.
.bin offset,length,"filename"
Inlines a binary file without further interpretation specified by filename from offset offset
(relative to the beginning of the file) for length bytes. This allows you to insert data such as
a previously assembled object file or an image or other binary data structure, inlined directly
into this file's object. If length is zero, then the length of filename, minus the offset, is used
instead. The arguments may be expressions. See LINKING for how to use this pseudo-op to link
multiple objects.
.( Opens a new block for scoping. Within a block, all labels defined are local to that block and any
sub-blocks, and go out of scope as soon as the enclosing block is closed (i.e., lexically scoped).
All labels defined outside of the block are still visible within it. To explicitly declare a
global label within a block, precede the label with + or precede it with & to declare it within
the previous level only (or globally if you are only one level deep). Sixteen levels of scoping
are permitted.
.block is accepted as a synonym for .(, as well as .proc (but you cannot specify an explicit scope
name as in ca65; only anonymous blocks are supported).
.) Closes a block. .bend or .endproc are accepted as synonyms.
.as .al .xs .xl
Only relevant in 65816 mode (with the -w option specified). These pseudo-ops set what size
accumulator and X/Y-register should be used for future instructions; .as and .xs set 8-bit
operands for the accumulator and index registers, respectively, and .al and .xl set 16-bit
operands. These pseudo-ops on purpose do not automatically issue sep and rep instructions to set
the specified width in the CPU; set the processor bits as you need, or consider constructing a
macro. .al and .xl generate errors if -w is not specified.
.assert expression,"message"
Evaluates expression and if it is false (i.e., evaluates to zero), prints message as a fatal
error, terminating assembly immediately. For example, a block of assembly code that creates high
ROM might have
.assert *<$fffa, "hit vectors"
to ensure that assembled code does not leak into the 6502 high vectors. If the preceding code is
too long, the assertion will be false, and the condition will be detected in a controlled fashion.
Any operation may be used as part of the expression, including logical comparisons such as =, ==,
<, <=, >, >=, != and <>.
.include filename
Includes another file in place of the pseudo-op, as if the preprocessor had done so with an
#include directive (see PREPROCESSOR), but at the assembler phase after preprocessing has already
occurred.
The following pseudo-op applies to listing mode.
.listbytes number
In the listing output, sets the maximum number of hex bytes to be printed in the listing for
pseudo-ops like .byt, by default 8. The special argument unlimited sets no upper limit. If listing
mode is disabled, this pseudo-op has no observable effect.
The following pseudo-ops apply primarily to relocatable .o65 objects. A full discussion of the
relocatable format is beyond the scope of this manpage; see http://www.6502.org/users/andre/o65/ for the
most current specification.
.text .data .bss .zero
These pseudo-ops switch between the different segments, .text being the actual code section, .data
being the data segment, .bss being uninitialized label space for allocation and .zero being
uninitialized zero page space for allocation. In .bss and .zero, only labels are evaluated. These
pseudo-ops are valid in relocating and absolute modes.
.code For ca65 compatibility, this is currently mapped to .text.
.zeropage
For ca65 compatibility, this is currently mapped to .zero.
.align value
Aligns the current segment to a byte boundary (2, 4 or 256) as specified by value (and places it
in the header when relocating mode is enabled). Other values generate an error.
.fopt type, value1, value2, value3, ...
Acts like .byt/.asc except that the values are embedded into the object file as file options. The
argument type is used to specify the file option being referenced. A table of these options is in
the relocatable o65 file format description. The remainder of the options are interpreted as
values to insert. Any number of values may be specified, and may also be strings.
.import label1, label2, label3, ...
Defines the given labels as global labels which are imported and resolved during the link stage,
like the -L command line parameter.
.importzp label1, label2, label3, ...
Analogous to .import, except that it only imports zeropage labels (i.e., byte values).
PREPROCESSOR
xa implements a preprocessor very similar to that of the C-language preprocessor cpp(1) and many
oddiments apply to both. For example, as in C, the use of /* */ for comment delimiters is also supported
in xa, and so are comments using the double slash //. The preprocessor also supports continuation lines,
i.e., lines ending with a backslash (\); the following line is then appended to it as if there were no
dividing newline. This too is handled at the preprocessor level.
For reasons of memory and complexity, the full breadth of the cpp(1) syntax is not fully supported. In
particular, macro definitions may not be forward-defined (i.e., a macro definition can only reference a
previously defined macro definition), except for macro functions, where recursive evaluation is
supported; e.g., to #define WW AA , AA must have already been defined. Certain other directives are not
supported, nor are most standard pre-defined macros, and there are other limits on evaluation and line
length. Because the maintainers of xa recognize that some files will require more complicated preparsing
than the built-in preprocessor can supply, the preprocessor will accept cpp(1)-style line/filename/flags
output. When these lines are seen in the input file, xa will treat them as cc would, except that flags
are ignored. xa does not accept files on standard input for parsing reasons, so you should dump your
cpp(1) output to an intermediate temporary file, such as
cc -E test.s > test.xa
xa test.xa
No special arguments need to be passed to xa; the presence of cpp(1) output is detected automatically.
Note that passing your file through cpp(1) may interfere with xa's own preprocessor directives. In this
case, to mask directives from cpp(1), use the -p option to specify an alternative character instead of #,
such as the tilde (e.g., -p'~' ). With this option and argument specified, then instead of #include, for
example, you can also use ~include, in addition to #include (which will also still be accepted by the xa
preprocessor, assuming any survive cpp(1)). Any character can be used, although frankly pathologic
choices may lead to amusing and frustrating glitches during parsing. You can also use this option to
defer preprocessor directives that cpp(1) may interpret too early until the file actually gets to xa
itself for processing.
The following predefined macros are supported, except if -XXA23 is specified:
XA_MAJOR
The current major version of xa.
XA_MINOR
The current minor version of xa.
The following preprocessor directives are supported:
#include "filename"
Inserts the contents of file filename at this position. If the file is not found, it is searched
using paths specified by the -I command line option or the environment variable XAINPUT (q.v.).
When inserted, the file will also be parsed for preprocessor directives.
#echo comment
Inserts comment comment into the errorlog file, specified with the -e command line option.
#print expression
Computes the value of expression expression and prints it into the errorlog file.
#error message
Displays the message as an error and terminates assembly.
#define DEFINE text
Equates macro DEFINE with text text such that wherever DEFINE appears in the assembly source, text
is substituted in its place (just like cpp(1) would do). In addition, #define can specify macro
functions like cpp(1) such that a directive like #define mult(a,b) ((a)*(b)) would generate the
expected result wherever an expression of the form mult(a,b) appears in the source. This can also
be specified on the command line with the -D option. The arguments of a macro function may be
recursively evaluated, unlike other #defines; the preprocessor will attempt to re-evaluate any
argument refencing another preprocessor definition up to ten times before complaining.
The following directives are conditionals. If the conditional is not satisfied, then the source code
between the directive and its terminating #endif are expunged and not assembled. Up to fifteen levels of
nesting are supported.
#ifdef DEFINE
True only if macro DEFINE is defined.
#ifndef DEFINE
The opposite; true only if macro DEFINE has not been previously defined.
#if expression
True if expression expression evaluates to non-zero. expression may reference other macros.
#iflused label
True if label label has been used (but not necessarily instantiated with a value). This works on
labels, not macros!
#ifldef label
True if label label is defined and assigned with a value. This works on labels, not macros!
#else Implements alternate path for a conditional block.
#endif Closes a conditional block.
Unclosed conditional blocks at the end of included files generate warnings; unclosed conditional blocks
at the end of assembly generate an error.
#iflused and #ifldef are useful for building up a library based on labels. For example, you might use
something like this in your library's code:
#iflused label
#ifldef label
#echo label already defined, library function label cannot be inserted
#else
label /* your code */
#endif
#endif
LINKING
xa is oriented towards generating sequential binaries. Code is strictly emitted in order even if the
program counter is set to a lower location than previously assembled code, and padding is not
automatically emitted if the program counter is set to a higher location. Changing the program location
only changes new labels for code that is subsequently emitted; previous emitted code remains unchanged.
Fortunately, for many object files these conventions have no effect on their generation.
However, some applications may require generating an object file built from several previously generated
components, and/or submodules which may need to be present at specific memory locations. With a minor
amount of additional specification, it is possible to use xa for this purpose as well.
The first means of doing so uses the o65 format to make relocatable objects that in turn can be linked by
ldo65(1) (q.v.).
The second means involves either assembled code, or insertion of previously built object or data files
with .bin, using .dsb pseudo-ops with computed expression arguments to insert any necessary padding
between them, in the sequential order they are to reside in memory. Consider this example:
.word $1000
* = $1000
; this is your code at $1000
part1 rts
; this label marks the end of code
endofpart1
; DON'T PUT A NEW .word HERE!
* = $2000
.dsb (*-endofpart1), 0
; yes, set it again
* = $2000
; this is your code at $2000
part2 rts
This example, written for Commodore microcomputers using a 16-bit starting address, has two "modules" in
it: one block of code at $1000 (4096), indicated by the code between labels part1 and endofpart1, and a
second block at $2000 (8192) starting at label part2.
The padding is computed by the .dsb pseudo-op between the two modules. Note that the program counter is
set to the new address and then a computed expression inserts the proper number of fill bytes from the
end of the assembled code in part 1 up to the new program counter address. Since this itself advances the
program counter, the program counter is reset again, and assembly continues.
When the object this source file generates is loaded, there will be an rts instruction at address 4096
and another at address 8192, with null bytes between them.
Should one of these areas need to contain a pre-built file, instead of assembly code, simply use a .bin
pseudo-op to load whatever portions of the file are required into the output. The computation of
addresses and number of necessary fill bytes is done in the same fashion.
Although this example used the program counter itself to compute the difference between addresses, you
can use any label for this purpose, keeping in mind that only the program counter determines where
relative addresses within assembled code are resolved.
ENVIRONMENT
xa utilises the following environment variables, if they exist:
XAINPUT
Include file path; components should be separated by `,'.
XAOUTPUT
Output file path.
NOTES'N'BUGS
The R65C02 instructions ina (often rendered inc a) and dea (dec a) must be rendered as bare inc and dec
instructions respectively.
The 65816 instructions mvn and mvp use two eight bit parameters, the only instructions in the entire
instruction set to do so. Older versions of xa took a single 16-bit absolute value. As of 2.4.0, this old
syntax is no longer accepted.
Forward-defined labels -- that is, labels that are defined after the current instruction is processed --
cannot be optimized into zero page instructions even if the label does end up being defined as a zero
page location, because the assembler does not know the value of the label in advance during the first
pass when the length of an instruction is computed. On the second pass, a warning will be issued when an
instruction that could have been optimized can't be because of this limitation. (Obviously, this does
not apply to branching or jumping instructions because they're not optimizable anyhow, and those
instructions that can only take an 8-bit parameter will always be casted to an 8-bit quantity.) If the
label cannot otherwise be defined ahead of the instruction, the backtick prefix ` may be used to force
further optimization no matter where the label is defined as long as the instruction supports it.
Indiscriminately forcing the issue can be fraught with peril, however, and is not recommended; to
discourage this, the assembler will complain about its use in addressing mode situations where no
ambiguity exists, such as indirect indexed, branching and so on.
SEE ALSO
file65(1), ldo65(1), reloc65(1), uncpk(1), dxa(1)
AUTHOR
This manual page was written by David Weinehall <tao@acc.umu.se>, Andre Fachat <fachat@web.de> and
Cameron Kaiser <ckaiser@floodgap.com>. Original xa package (C)1989-1997 Andre Fachat. Additional changes
(C)1989-2024 Andre Fachat, Jolse Maginnis, David Weinehall, Cameron Kaiser. The official maintainer is
Cameron Kaiser.
OVER 30 YEARS OF XA
Yay us?
WEBSITE
http://www.floodgap.com/retrotech/xa/
5 March 2024 XA(1)