NAME

       rasign2 - a tool for generating and managing binary file signatures

SYNOPSIS

       rasign2 [options] [file]

DESCRIPTION

       The  rasign2 tool is designed for creating, dumping, and managing signature files for binary analysis. It
       facilitates the generation of signature databases (SDB) from binary files, making it easier  to  identify
       and  catalog  functions  and  other  symbols.  The tool can interpret FLIRT 'I.sig' files, execute custom
       Radare2 scripts, and output signatures in multiple formats.

OPTIONS

       -a     Perform a more thorough analysis by adding extra 'a' to the analysis command. The more  'A's,  the
              deeper the analysis.

       -A[AAA]
              Equivalent to r2 -A

       -f     Interpret the input file as a FLIRT 'I.sig' file and dump its signatures.

       -h     Display the help menu.

       -j     Output signatures in JSON format.

       -i script.r2
              Execute the specified Radare2 script on the input file.

       -o sigs.sdb
              Add generated signatures to the specified file. Creates the file if it does not exist.

       -q     Enable quiet mode, suppressing normal output.

       -r     Show output as Radare2 commands.

       -S     Operate on an SDB signature file. Use '-o -' to save to the same file.

       -s signspace
              Save all signatures under the specified signspace.

       -c     Add collision signatures before writing to a file.

       -v     Display version information.

       -m     Merge or overwrite signatures with the same name.

USAGE EXAMPLES

       Basic signature generation:
              rasign2 -o libc.sdb libc.so.6
       This command generates signatures from 'libc.so.6' and saves them in 'libc.sdb'.

       Enhanced analysis:
              rasign2 -A -o enhanced_libc.sdb libc.so.6
       This performs a deeper analysis before generating signatures, potentially discovering more functions.

       Output in Radare2 commands:
              rasign2 -r input_file | grep main
       Prints the discovered signatures for 'main' as Radare2 commands.

       JSON output:
              rasign2 -j input_file
       Outputs the generated signatures in JSON format.

       Merging signatures:
              rasign2 -m -o existing_sigs.sdb new_sigs.sdb
       Merges or overwrites signatures in 'existing_sigs.sdb' with those from 'new_sigs.sdb'.

THE Z COMMAND IN RADARE2

       The  z  command  in  radare2  is  dedicated  to the management of binary signatures, known as zignatures.
       Zignatures are used for identifying and cataloging functions across different binaries  by  their  unique
       characteristics, such as bytes patterns, graph metrics, and other attributes.

CONFIGURATION OPTIONS

       The  behavior  of  zignature  processing  can  be  fine-tuned through a variety of configuration options,
       accessible via 'e??zign.' in radare2. Some key configuration options include:

       zign.autoload
              Autoload all zignatures located in dir.zigns.

       zign.bytes
              Use bytes patterns for matching.

       zign.graph
              Use graph metrics for matching.

       zign.hash
              Use Hash for matching.

       zign.threshold
              Minimum similarity required for inclusion in zb output.

       zign.types
              Use types for matching.

ADDING ZIGNATURES

       Zignatures can be added with the 'za' command, supporting a variety of  types  such  as  bytes  patterns,
       graph metrics, and more.

       za foo b 558bec..e8........
              Adds a bytes pattern zignature.

       za foo g cc=2 nbbs=3 edges=3 ebbs=1
              Adds a graph metrics zignature.

ZIGNATURE COMMANDS

       The z command encompasses several subcommands for managing zignatures:

       z      Show zignatures.

       z.     Find matching zignatures in current offset.

       zb     Search for best match.

       zdzignature
              Diff current function and signature.

       z*     Show zignatures in radare format.

       zo     Manage zignature files.

       zf     Manage FLIRT signatures.

       z/     Search zignatures.

       zc     Compare current zignspace zignatures with another one.

       zs     Manage zignspaces.

       zi     Show zignatures matching information.

              The  comprehensive  management  of zignatures through these commands facilitates a robust workflow
              for binary analysis, enabling the identification of known functions and facilitating the  analysis
              of binary similarities and differences.

SUPPORTED ZIGNATURE METRICS

       Zignatures  in  radare2  can  be  created  with a variety of metrics, each capturing different aspects of
       binary functions. These metrics include:

       a: bytes pattern
              Radare2 creates a mask from analysis to match bytes patterns.

       b: bytes pattern
              Direct bytes pattern matching.

       c: base64 comment
              Associates a base64-encoded comment with the zignature.

       n: real function name
              Uses the real function name for matching.

       g: graph metrics
              Utilizes graph metrics such as cyclomatic complexity, number  of  edges,  basic  blocks,  and  end
              blocks.

       o: original offset
              Matches based on the original offset of the function.

       r: references
              Uses references for matching.

       x: cross references
              Incorporates cross references into the zignature.

       h: bbhash
              Employs hashing of function basic blocks for matching.

       v: vars (and args)
              Matches based on variables and arguments.

              Each  metric allows for a nuanced approach to identifying and comparing functions across binaries,
              enabling more accurate and comprehensive analysis.

USAGE EXAMPLES FOR THE Z COMMAND

       The z command in radare2 is versatile, offering various functionalities through its subcommands. Here are
       five usage examples:

       Show all zignatures
              z
       Displays all zignatures currently loaded in radare2.

       Find matching zignatures at the current offset
              z.
       Searches for and displays zignatures that match at the current offset in the binary.

       Scan all functions to find matching zignatures
              z/
       Searches and match all signatures loaded against all the analyzed functions in order to give  a  name  to
       every one.

       Load zignature files
              zo libc.sdb
       Loads zignatures from the specified SDB file into the current session.

       Generate zignatures for all functions
              zaF
       Generates zignatures for all identified functions in the binary and adds them to the current session.

       Search for the closest matching zignatures
              zb
       Searches  for and displays the closest matching zignatures to the function at the current offset, helping
       identify similar functions across binaries.

       These examples showcase the `z` command's ability to manage zignatures efficiently, aiding in the  binary
       analysis process by leveraging the power of zignatures for function identification and comparison.

SEE ALSO

       r2(1), radare2(1)

WWW

       https://www.radare.org/

AUTHORS

       pancake <pancake@nopcode.org>

1.0                                                17 Mar 2024                                        RASIGN2(1)