Ubuntu Manpage: flashprog - detect, read, write, verify and erase flash chips

NAME

       flashprog - detect, read, write, verify and erase flash chips

SYNOPSIS

       Flashprog supports multiple command modes:

       flashprog ([prog]|config|cfg|write-protect|wp)

       With   prog   being   the   default   and   described  in  this  manual.  For  the  other  commands,  see
       flashprog-config(8), and flashprog-write-protect(8).

       flashprog [-h|-R|-L|-z|
                 -p <programmername>[:<parameters>] [-c <chipname>]
                   (--flash-name|--flash-size|
                    [-E|-r <file>|-w <file>|-v <file>]
                    [(-l <file>|--ifd|--fmap|--fmap-file <file>)
                     [-i <include>]...]
                    [-n] [-N] [-f])]
                [-V[V[V]]] [-o <logfile>] [--progress]

DESCRIPTION

       flashprog is a utility for detecting, reading, writing, verifying and erasing  flash  chips.  It's  often
       used  to  flash BIOS/EFI/coreboot/firmware images in-system using a supported mainboard. However, it also
       supports various external PCI/USB/parallel-port/serial-port based devices which can program flash  chips,
       including  some  network  cards (NICs), SATA/IDE controller cards, graphics cards, the Bus Pirate device,
       various FTDI FT2232/FT4232H/FT232H based USB devices, and more.

       It supports a wide range of DIP32, PLCC32, DIP8, SO8/SOIC8, TSOP32, TSOP40, TSOP48, and BGA chips,  which
       use various protocols such as LPC, FWH, parallel flash, or SPI.

OPTIONS

You can specify one of -h, -R, -L, -z, -E, -r, -w, -v or no operation. If no operation is specified,
flashprog will only probe for flash chips. It is recommended that if you try flashprog the first time on
a system, you run it in probe-only mode and check the output. Also you are advised to make a backup of
your current ROM contents with -r before you try to write a new image. All operations involving any chip
access (probe/read/write/...) require the -p/--programmer option to be used (please see below).

-r, --read <file>
Read flash ROM contents and save them into the given <file>. If the file already exists, it will
be overwritten.

-w, --write (<file>|-)
Write <file> into flash ROM. If - is provided instead, contents will be read from stdin. This will
first automatically erase the chip, then write to it.

In the process the chip is also read several times. First an in-memory backup is made for disaster
recovery and to be able to skip regions that are already equal to the image file. This copy is
updated along with the write operation. In case of erase errors it is even re-read completely.
After writing has finished and if verification is enabled, the whole flash chip is read out and
compared with the input image.

-n, --noverify
Skip the automatic verification of flash ROM contents after writing. Using this option is not
recommended, you should only use it if you know what you are doing and if you feel that the time
for verification takes too long.

Typical usage is: flashprog -p prog -n -w <file>

This option is only useful in combination with --write.

-N, --noverify-all
Skip not included regions during automatic verification after writing (cf. -l and -i). You
should only use this option if you are sure that communication with the flash chip is reliable
(e.g. when using the internal programmer). Even if flashprog is instructed not to touch parts of
the flash chip, their contents could be damaged (e.g. due to misunderstood erase commands).

This option is required to flash an Intel system with locked ME flash region using the internal
programmer. It may be enabled by default in this case in the future.

-v, --verify (<file>|-)
Verify the flash ROM contents against the given <file>. If - is provided instead, contents will
be read from stdin.

-E, --erase
Erase the flash ROM chip.

-V, --verbose
More verbose output. This option can be supplied multiple times (max. 3 times, i.e. -VVV) for
even more debug output.

-c, --chip <chipname>
Probe only for the specified flash ROM chip. This option takes the chip name as printed by
flashprog -L without the vendor name as parameter. Please note that the chip name is case
sensitive.

-f, --force
Force one or more of the following actions:

* Force chip read and pretend the chip is there.

* Force chip access even if the chip is bigger than the maximum supported size for the flash bus.

* Force erase even if erase is known bad.

* Force write even if write is known bad.

-l, --layout <file>
Read ROM layout from <file>.

flashprog supports ROM layouts. This allows you to flash certain parts of the flash chip only. A
ROM layout file contains multiple lines with the following syntax:

startaddr:endaddr imagename

startaddr and endaddr are hexadecimal addresses within the ROM file and do not refer to any
physical address. Please note that using a 0x prefix for those hexadecimal numbers is not
necessary, but you can't specify decimal/octal numbers. imagename is an arbitrary name for the
region/image from startaddr to endaddr (both addresses included).

Example:

00000000:00008fff gfxrom
00009000:0003ffff normal
00040000:0007ffff fallback

If you only want to update the image named normal in a ROM based on the layout above, run

flashprog -p prog --layout rom.layout --image normal -w some.rom

To update only the images named normal and fallback, run:

flashprog -p prog -l rom.layout -i normal -i fallback -w some.rom

Overlapping sections are not supported.

--fmap Read layout from fmap in flash chip.

flashprog supports the fmap binary format which is commonly used by coreboot for partitioning a
flash chip. The on-chip fmap will be read and used to generate the layout.

If you only want to update the COREBOOT region defined in the fmap, run

flashprog -p prog --fmap --image COREBOOT -w some.rom

--fmap-file <file>
Read layout from a <file> containing binary fmap (e.g. coreboot roms).

flashprog supports the fmap binary format which is commonly used by coreboot for partitioning a
flash chip. The fmap in the specified file will be read and used to generate the layout.

If you only want to update the COREBOOT region defined in the binary fmap file, run

flashprog -p prog --fmap-file some.rom --image COREBOOT -w some.rom

--ifd Read ROM layout from Intel Firmware Descriptor.

flashprog supports ROM layouts given by an Intel Firmware Descriptor (IFD). The on-chip descriptor
will be read and used to generate the layout. If you need to change the layout, you have to update
the IFD only first.

The following ROM images may be present in an IFD:

fd the IFD itself
bios the host firmware aka. BIOS
me Intel Management Engine firmware
gbe gigabit ethernet firmware
pd platform specific data

-i, --image <imagename>
Only flash region/image <imagename> from flash layout.

--flash-name
Prints out the detected flash chips name.

--flash-size
Prints out the detected flash chips size.

--flash-contents <ref-file>
The file contents of <ref-file> will be used to decide which parts of the flash need to be
written. Providing this saves an initial read of the full flash chip. Be careful, if the provided
data doesn't actually match the flash contents, results are undefined.

-L, --list-supported
List the flash chips, chipsets, mainboards, and external programmers (including PCI, USB, parallel
port, and serial port based devices) supported by flashprog.

There are many unlisted boards which will work out of the box, without special support in
flashprog. Please let us know if you can verify that other boards work or do not work out of the
box.

IMPORTANT: For verification you have to test an ERASE and/or WRITE operation, so make sure you
only do that if you have proper means to recover from failure!

-z, --list-supported-wiki
Same as --list-supported, but outputs the supported hardware in MediaWiki syntax, so that it can
be easily pasted into the supported hardware wiki page ⟨https://flashprog.org/Supported_hardware⟩.
Please note that MediaWiki output is not compiled in by default.

-p, --programmer <name>[:parameter[,parameter[,parameter]]]
Specify the programmer device. This is mandatory for all operations involving any chip access
(probe/read/write/...). Currently supported are:

* internal (for in-system flashing in the mainboard)

* dummy (virtual programmer for testing flashprog)

* nic3com (for flash ROMs on 3COM network cards)

* nicrealtek (for flash ROMs on Realtek and SMC 1211 network cards)

* nicnatsemi (for flash ROMs on National Semiconductor DP838* network cards)

* nicintel (for parallel flash ROMs on Intel 10/100Mbit network cards)

* gfxnvidia (for flash ROMs on NVIDIA graphics cards)

* drkaiser (for flash ROMs on Dr. Kaiser PC-Waechter PCI cards)

* satasii (for flash ROMs on Silicon Image SATA/IDE controllers)

* satamv (for flash ROMs on Marvell SATA controllers)

* atahpt (for flash ROMs on Highpoint ATA/RAID controllers)

* atavia (for flash ROMs on VIA VT6421A SATA controllers)

* atapromise (for flash ROMs on Promise PDC2026x ATA/RAID controllers)

* it8212 (for flash ROMs on ITE IT8212F ATA/RAID controller)

* ft2232_spi (for SPI flash ROMs attached to an FT2232/FT4232H/FT232H family based USB SPI
programmer).

* ft4222_spi (for SPI and QPI flash ROMs attached to an FT4222H based USB programmer).

* serprog (for flash ROMs attached to a programmer speaking serprog, including some Arduino-based
devices).

* buspirate_spi (for SPI flash ROMs attached to a Bus Pirate)

* dediprog (for SPI flash ROMs attached to a Dediprog SF100/SF200/SF600/SF700)

* rayer_spi (for SPI flash ROMs attached to a parallel port by one of various cable types)

* pony_spi (for SPI flash ROMs attached to a SI-Prog serial port bitbanging adapter)

* nicintel_spi (for SPI flash ROMs on Intel Gigabit network cards)

* ogp_spi (for SPI flash ROMs on Open Graphics Project graphics card)

* linux_gpio_spi (for SPI flash ROMs attached to a GPIO chip device accessible via /dev/gpiochipX
on Linux)

* linux_mtd (for SPI flash ROMs accessible via /dev/mtdX on Linux)

* linux_spi (for SPI flash ROMs accessible via /dev/spidevX.Y on Linux)

* usbblaster_spi (for SPI flash ROMs attached to an Altera USB-Blaster compatible cable)

* nicintel_eeprom (for SPI EEPROMs on Intel Gigabit network cards)

* mstarddc_spi (for SPI flash ROMs accessible through DDC in MSTAR-equipped displays)

* pickit2_spi (for SPI flash ROMs accessible via Microchip PICkit2)

* ch341a_spi (for SPI flash ROMs attached to WCH CH341A)

* ch347_spi (for SPI flash ROMs attached to WCH CH347)

* digilent_spi (for SPI flash ROMs attached to iCEblink40 development boards)

* jlink_spi (for SPI flash ROMs attached to SEGGER J-Link and compatible devices)

* ni845x_spi (for SPI flash ROMs attached to National Instruments USB-8451 or USB-8452)

* stlinkv3_spi (for SPI flash ROMs attached to STMicroelectronics STLINK V3 devices)

* dirtyjtag_spi (for SPI flash ROMs attached to DirtyJTAG-compatible devices)

Some programmers have optional or mandatory parameters which are described in detail in the
PROGRAMMER-SPECIFIC INFORMATION section. Support for some programmers can be disabled at compile
time. flashprog -h lists all supported programmers.

-h, --help
Show a help text and exit.

-o, --output <logfile>
Save the full debug log to <logfile>. If the file already exists, it will be overwritten. This is
the recommended way to gather logs from flashprog because they will be verbose even if the on-
screen messages are not verbose and don't require output redirection.

--progress
Show progress percentage of operations on the standard output.

-R, --version
Show version information and exit.

PROGRAMMER-SPECIFIC INFORMATION

Some programmer drivers accept further parameters to set programmer-specific parameters. These parameters
are separated from the programmer name by a colon. While some programmers take arguments at fixed
positions, other programmers use a key/value interface in which the key and value is separated by an
equal sign and different pairs are separated by a comma or a colon.

internal programmer
Board Enables

Some mainboards require to run mainboard specific code to enable flash erase and write support
(and probe support on old systems with parallel flash). The mainboard brand and model (if it
requires specific code) is usually autodetected using one of the following mechanisms: If your
system is running coreboot, the mainboard type is determined from the coreboot table. Otherwise,
the mainboard is detected by examining the onboard PCI devices and possibly DMI info. If PCI and
DMI do not contain information to uniquely identify the mainboard (which is the exception), or if
you want to override the detected mainboard model, you can specify the mainboard using the

flashprog -p internal:mainboard=<vendor>:<board> syntax.

See the 'Known boards' or 'Known laptops' section in the output of 'flashprog -L' for a list of
boards which require the specification of the board name, if no coreboot table is found.

Some of these board-specific flash enabling functions (called board enables) in flashprog have not
yet been tested. If your mainboard is detected needing an untested board enable function, a
warning message is printed and the board enable is not executed, because a wrong board enable
function might cause the system to behave erratically, as board enable functions touch the low-
level internals of a mainboard. Not executing a board enable function (if one is needed) might
cause detection or erasing failure. If your board protects only part of the flash (commonly the
top end, called boot block), flashprog might encounter an error only after erasing the unprotected
part, so running without the board-enable function might be dangerous for erase and write (which
includes erase).

The suggested procedure for a mainboard with untested board specific code is to first try to probe
the ROM (just invoke flashprog and check that it detects your flash chip type) without running the
board enable code (i.e. without any parameters). If it finds your chip, fine. Otherwise, retry
probing your chip with the board-enable code running, using

flashprog -p internal:boardenable=force

If your chip is still not detected, the board enable code seems to be broken or the flash chip
unsupported. Otherwise, make a backup of your current ROM contents (using -r) and store it to a
medium outside of your computer, like a USB drive or a network share. If you needed to run the
board enable code already for probing, use it for reading too. If reading succeeds and the
contents of the read file look legit you can try to write the new image. You should enable the
board enable code in any case now, as it has been written because it is known that writing/erasing
without the board enable is going to fail. In any case (success or failure), please report to the
flashprog mailing list, see below.

Coreboot

On systems running coreboot, flashprog checks whether the desired image matches your mainboard.
This needs some special board ID to be present in the image. If flashprog detects that the image
you want to write and the current board do not match, it will refuse to write the image unless you
specify

flashprog -p internal:boardmismatch=force

ITE IT87 Super I/O

If your mainboard is manufactured by GIGABYTE and supports DualBIOS it is very likely that it uses
an ITE IT87 series Super I/O to switch between the two flash chips. Only one of them can be
accessed at a time and you can manually select which one to use with the

flashprog -p internal:dualbiosindex=chip

syntax where chip is the index of the chip to use (0 = main, 1 = backup). You can check which one
is currently selected by leaving out the chip parameter.

If your mainboard uses an ITE IT87 series Super I/O for LPC<->SPI flash bus translation, flashprog
should autodetect that configuration. If you want to set the I/O base port of the IT87 series SPI
controller manually instead of using the value provided by the BIOS, use the

flashprog -p internal:it87spiport=portnum

syntax where portnum is the I/O port number (must be a multiple of 8). In the unlikely case
flashprog doesn't detect an active IT87 LPC<->SPI bridge, please send a bug report so we can
diagnose the problem.

AMD chipsets

Beginning with the SB700 chipset there is an integrated microcontroller (IMC) based on the 8051
embedded in every AMD southbridge. Its firmware resides in the same flash chip as the host's which
makes writing to the flash risky if the IMC is active. Flashprog tries to temporarily disable the
IMC but even then changing the contents of the flash can have unwanted effects: when the IMC
continues (at the latest after a reboot) it will continue executing code from the flash. If the
code was removed or changed in an unfortunate way it is unpredictable what the IMC will do.
Therefore, if flashprog detects an active IMC it will disable write support unless the user forces
it with the

flashprog -p internal:amd_imc_force=yes

syntax. The user is responsible for supplying a suitable image or leaving out the IMC region with
the help of a layout file. This limitation might be removed in the future when we understand the
details better and have received enough feedback from users. Please report the outcome if you had
to use this option to write a chip.

An optional spispeed parameter specifies the frequency of the SPI bus where applicable (i.e. SB600
or later with an SPI flash chip directly attached to the chipset). Syntax is

flashprog -p internal:spispeed=frequency

where frequency can be '16.5 MHz', '22 MHz', '33 MHz', '66 MHz', '100 MHZ', or '800 kHz'. Support
of individual frequencies depends on the generation of the chipset:

* SB6xx, SB7xx, SP5xxx: from 16.5 MHz up to and including 33 MHz

* SB8xx, SB9xx, Hudson: from 16.5 MHz up to and including 66 MHz

* Yangtze (with SPI 100 engine as found in Kabini and Tamesh): all of them

The default is to use 16.5 MHz and disable Fast Reads.

Intel chipsets

If you have an Intel chipset with an ICH8 or later southbridge with SPI flash attached, and if a
valid descriptor was written to it (e.g. by the vendor), the chipset provides an alternative way
to access the flash chip(s) named Hardware Sequencing. It is much simpler than the normal access
method (called Software Sequencing), but does not allow the software to choose the SPI commands to
be sent. You can use the

flashprog -p internal:ich_spi_mode=value

syntax where value can be auto, swseq or hwseq. By default (or when setting ich_spi_mode=auto)
the module tries to use swseq and only activates hwseq if need be (e.g. if important opcodes are
inaccessible due to lockdown; or if more than one flash chip is attached). The other options
(swseq, hwseq) select the respective mode (if possible).

ICH8 and later southbridges may also have locked address ranges of different kinds if a valid
descriptor was written to it. The flash address space is then partitioned in multiple so called
"Flash Regions" containing the host firmware, the ME firmware and so on respectively. The flash
descriptor can also specify up to 5 so called "Protected Regions", which are freely chosen address
ranges independent from the aforementioned "Flash Regions". All of them can be write and/or read
protected individually.

If you have an Intel chipset with an ICH2 or later southbridge and if you want to set specific
IDSEL values for a non-default flash chip or an embedded controller (EC), you can use the

flashprog -p internal:fwh_idsel=value

syntax where value is the 48-bit hexadecimal raw value to be written in the IDSEL registers of the
Intel southbridge. The upper 32 bits use one hex digit each per 512 kB range between 0xffc00000
and 0xffffffff, and the lower 16 bits use one hex digit each per 1024 kB range between 0xff400000
and 0xff7fffff. The rightmost hex digit corresponds with the lowest address range. All address
ranges have a corresponding sister range 4 MB below with identical IDSEL settings. The default
value for ICH7 is given in the example below.

Example: flashprog -p internal:fwh_idsel=0x001122334567

Laptops

Using flashprog on older laptops that don't boot from the SPI bus is dangerous and may easily make
your hardware unusable (see also the BUGS section). The embedded controller (EC) in some machines
may interact badly with flashing. More information is in the wiki
⟨https://flashprog.org/Laptops⟩. Problems occur when the flash chip is shared between BIOS and EC
firmware, and the latter does not expect flashprog to access the chip. While flashprog tries to
change the contents of that memory the EC might need to fetch new instructions or data from it and
could stop working correctly. Probing for and reading from the chip may also irritate your EC and
cause fan failure, backlight failure, sudden poweroff, and other nasty effects. flashprog will
attempt to detect if it is running on such a laptop and limit probing to SPI buses. If you want to
probe the LPC bus anyway at your own risk, use

flashprog -p internal:laptop=force_I_want_a_brick

We will not help you if you force flashing on a laptop because this is a really dumb idea.

You have been warned.

Currently we rely on the chassis type encoded in the DMI/SMBIOS data to detect laptops. Some
vendors did not implement those bits correctly or set them to generic and/or dummy values.
flashprog will then issue a warning and restrict buses like above. In this case you can use

flashprog -p internal:laptop=this_is_not_a_laptop

to tell flashprog (at your own risk) that it is not running on a laptop.

dummy programmer
The dummy programmer operates on a buffer in memory only. It provides a safe and fast way to test
various aspects of flashprog and is mainly used in development and while debugging. It is able to
emulate some chips to a certain degree (basic identify/read/erase/write operations work).

An optional parameter specifies the bus types it should support. For that you have to use the

flashprog -p dummy:bus=[type[+type[+type]]]

syntax where type can be parallel, lpc, fwh, spi in any order. If you specify bus without type,
all buses will be disabled. If you do not specify bus, all buses will be enabled.

Example: flashprog -p dummy:bus=lpc+fwh

The dummy programmer supports flash chip emulation for automated self-tests without hardware
access. If you want to emulate a flash chip, use the

flashprog -p dummy:emulate=chip

syntax where chip is one of the following chips (please specify only the chip name, not the
vendor):

* ST M25P10.RES SPI flash chip (128 kB, RES, page write)

* SST SST25VF040.REMS SPI flash chip (512 kB, REMS, byte write)

* SST SST25VF032B SPI flash chip (4096 kB, RDID, AAI write)

* Macronix MX25L6436 SPI flash chip (8192 kB, RDID, SFDP)

* Winbond W25Q128FV SPI flash chip (16384 kB, RDID)

* Spansion S25FL128L SPI flash chip (16384 kB, RDID)

Example: flashprog -p dummy:emulate=SST25VF040.REMS

Persistent images

If you use flash chip emulation, flash image persistence is available as well by using the

flashprog -p dummy:emulate=chip,image=image.rom

syntax where image.rom is the file where the simulated chip contents are read on flashprog startup
and where the chip contents on flashprog shutdown are written to.

Example: flashprog -p dummy:emulate=M25P10.RES,image=dummy.bin

SPI write chunk size

If you use SPI flash chip emulation for a chip which supports SPI page write with the default
opcode, you can set the maximum allowed write chunk size with the

flashprog -p dummy:emulate=chip,spi_write_256_chunksize=size

syntax where size is the number of bytes (min. 1, max. 256).

Example:

flashprog -p dummy:emulate=M25P10.RES,spi_write_256_chunksize=5

SPI blacklist

To simulate a programmer which refuses to send certain SPI commands to the flash chip, you can
specify a blacklist of SPI commands with the

flashprog -p dummy:spi_blacklist=commandlist

syntax where commandlist is a list of two-digit hexadecimal representations of SPI commands. If
commandlist is e.g. 0302, flashprog will behave as if the SPI controller refuses to run command
0x03 (READ) and command 0x02 (WRITE). commandlist may be up to 512 characters (256 commands)
long. Implementation note: flashprog will detect an error during command execution.

SPI ignorelist

To simulate a flash chip which ignores (doesn't support) certain SPI commands, you can specify an
ignorelist of SPI commands with the

flashprog -p dummy:spi_ignorelist=commandlist

syntax where commandlist is a list of two-digit hexadecimal representations of SPI commands. If
commandlist is e.g. 0302, the emulated flash chip will ignore command 0x03 (READ) and command 0x02
(WRITE). commandlist may be up to 512 characters (256 commands) long. Implementation note:
flashprog won't detect an error during command execution.

SPI status register

You can specify the initial content of the chip's status register with the

flashprog -p dummy:spi_status=content

syntax where content is a hexadecimal value of up to 24 bits. For example, 0x332211 assigns 0x11
to SR1, 0x22 to SR2 and 0x33 to SR3. Shorter value is padded to 24 bits with zeroes on the left.
See datasheet for chosen chip for details about the registers content.

Write protection

Chips with emulated WP: W25Q128FV, S25FL128L.

You can simulate state of hardware protection pin (WP) with the

flashprog -p dummy:hwwp=state

syntax where state is "yes" or "no" (default value). "yes" means active state of the pin implies
that chip is write-protected (on real hardware the pin is usually negated, but not here).

nic3com, nicrealtek, nicnatsemi, nicintel, nicintel_eeprom, nicintel_spi, gfxnvidia, ogp_spi, drkaiser,
satasii, satamv, atahpt, atavia , atapromise and it8212 programmers
These programmers have an option to specify the PCI address of the card your want to use, which
must be specified if more than one card supported by the selected programmer is installed in your
system. The syntax is

flashprog -p xxxx:pci=bb:dd.f,

where xxxx is the name of the programmer, bb is the PCI bus number, dd is the PCI device number,
and f is the PCI function number of the desired device.

Example: flashprog -p nic3com:pci=05:04.0

atavia programmer
Due to the mysterious address handling of the VIA VT6421A controller the user can specify an
offset with the

flashprog -p atavia:offset=addr

syntax where addr will be interpreted as usual (leading 0x (0) for hexadecimal (octal) values, or
else decimal). For more information please see its wiki page ⟨https://flashprog.org/VT6421A⟩.

atapromise programmer
This programmer is currently limited to 32 kB, regardless of the actual size of the flash chip.
This stems from the fact that, on the tested device (a Promise Ultra100), not all of the chip's
address lines were actually connected. You may use this programmer to flash firmware updates,
since these are only 16 kB in size (padding to 32 kB is required).

nicintel_eeprom programmer
This is the first programmer module in flashprog that does not provide access to NOR flash chips
but EEPROMs mounted on gigabit Ethernet cards based on Intel's 82580 NIC. Because EEPROMs normally
do not announce their size nor allow themselves to be identified, the controller relies on correct
size values written to predefined addresses within the chip. Flashprog follows this scheme but
assumes the minimum size of 16 kB (128 kb) if an unprogrammed EEPROM/card is detected. Intel
specifies following EEPROMs to be compatible: Atmel AT25128, AT25256, Micron (ST) M95128, M95256
and OnSemi (Catalyst) CAT25CS128.

ft2232_spi programmer
This module supports various programmers based on FTDI FT2232/FT4232H/FT4233H/FT232H chips
including the DLP Design DLP-USB1232H, openbiosprog-spi, Amontec JTAGkey/JTAGkey-tiny/JTAGkey-2,
Dangerous Prototypes Bus Blaster, Olimex ARM-USB-TINY/-H, Olimex ARM-USB-OCD/-H, OpenMoko Neo1973
Debug board (V2+), TIAO/DIYGADGET USB Multi-Protocol Adapter (TUMPA), TUMPA Lite, GOEPEL PicoTAP,
Google Servo v1/v2, Tin Can Tools Flyswatter/Flyswatter 2 and Kristech KT-LINK.

An optional parameter specifies the controller type, channel/interface/port it should support. For
that you have to use the

flashprog -p ft2232_spi:type=model,port=interface

syntax where model can be 2232H, 4232H, 232H, jtagkey, busblaster, openmoko, arm-usb-tiny, arm-
usb-tiny-h, arm-usb-ocd, arm-usb-ocd-h, tumpa, tumpalite, picotap, google-servo, google-servo-v2,
google-servo-v2-legacy or kt-link interface can be A, B, C, or D. The default model is 4232H the
default interface is A and GPIO is not used by default.

If there is more than one ft2232_spi-compatible device connected, you can select which one should
be used by specifying its serial number with the

flashprog -p ft2232_spi:serial=number

syntax where number is the serial number of the device (which can be found for example in the
output of lsusb -v).

All models supported by the ft2232_spi driver can configure the SPI clock rate by setting a
divisor. The expressible divisors are all even numbers between 2 and 2^17 (=131072) resulting in
SPI clock frequencies of 6 MHz down to about 92 Hz for 12 MHz inputs (non-H chips) and 30 MHz down
to about 458 Hz for 60 MHz inputs ('H' chips). The default divisor is set to 2, but you can use
another one by specifying the optional divisor parameter with the

flashprog -p ft2232_spi:divisor=div

syntax.

Using the parameter csgpiol (DEPRECATED - use gpiol instead) an additional CS# pin can be chosen,
where the value can be a number between 0 and 3, denoting GPIOL0-GPIOL3 correspondingly. Example:

flashprog -p ft2232_spi:csgpiol=3

The parameter gpiolX=[HLC] allows use of the GPIOL pins either as generic gpios with a fixed value
during flashing or as additional CS# signal, where X can be a number between 0 and 3, denoting
GPIOL0-GPIOL3 correspondingly. The parameter may be specified multiple times, one time per GPIOL
pin. Valid values are H , L and C :
H - Set GPIOL output high
L - Set GPIOL output low
C - Use GPIOL as additional CS# output

Example:

flashprog -p ft2232_spi:gpiol0=H

Note that not all GPIOL pins are freely usable with all programmers as some have special
functionality.

ft4222_spi programmer
This driver supports programmers based on the FTDI FT4222H chip.

An optional cs parameter can be used to select the USB interface and respective CS# output 0..3,
e.g.

flashprog -p ft4222_spi:cs=3

The ft4222_spi driver supports setting the SPI clock rate in kHz with the spispeed parameter. The
actual clock rate will be rounded down to a supported value (power-of-2 fractions of 80MHz, 60MHz
and 48MHz base clocks). Hence the highest supported SPI clock rates are 40MHz, 30MHz, 24Mhz,
20MHz, 15MHz, 12MHz, and so forth. As this also affects the base clock of the controller and
thereby the overall bandwidth, there is a wrinkle: Quad-i/o reads can actually be faster at 20MHz
(80MHz base clock) than they are at 30MHz or 24MHz with a lower base clock.

flashprog -p ft4222_spi:spispeed=20000

The default is 10MHz.

As the FT4222H supports dual and quad i/o, there is an additional iomode parameter to specify how
many lines can be used for bidirectional i/o. Valid values are single, dual, or quad. The
default is dual as at least two lines are always connected (MOSI and MISO). Quad i/o is most
useful to get high transfer rates when the hardware setup is not reliable enough for high clock
rates, e.g.

flashprog -p ft4222_spi:spispeed=15000,iomode=quad

Note that the overall bandwidth of the FT4222H is limited to 52.8Mb/s (with the 80MHz base clock).
This is almost saturated at 20MHz x4.

serprog programmer
This module supports all programmers speaking the serprog protocol. This includes some Arduino-
based devices as well as various programmers by Urja Rannikko, Juhana Helovuo, Stefan Tauner, Chi
Zhang and many others.

A mandatory parameter specifies either a serial device (and baud rate) or an IP/port combination
for communicating with the programmer. The device/baud combination has to start with dev= and
separate the optional baud rate with a colon. For example

flashprog -p serprog:dev=/dev/ttyS0:115200

If no baud rate is given the default values by the operating system/hardware will be used. For IP
connections you have to use the

flashprog -p serprog:ip=ipaddr:port

syntax. In case the device supports it, you can set the SPI clock frequency with the optional
spispeed parameter. The frequency is parsed as hertz, unless an M, or k suffix is given, then
megahertz or kilohertz are used respectively. Example that sets the frequency to 2 MHz:

flashprog -p serprog:dev=/dev/ttyACM0,spispeed=2M

In case the device supports it, you can set which SPI Chip Select to use with the optional cs
parameter. Example that tells the programmer to use chip select number 0:

flashprog -p serprog:dev=/dev/ttyACM0:cs=0

More information about serprog is available in serprog-protocol.txt in the source distribution.

buspirate_spi programmer
A required dev parameter specifies the Bus Pirate device node and an optional spispeed parameter
specifies the frequency of the SPI bus. The parameter delimiter is a comma. Syntax is

flashprog -p buspirate_spi:dev=/dev/device,spispeed=frequency

where frequency can be 30k, 125k, 250k, 1M, 2M, 2.6M, 4M or 8M (in Hz). The default is the maximum
frequency of 8 MHz.

The baud rate for communication between the host and the Bus Pirate can be specified with the
optional serialspeed parameter. Syntax is

flashprog -p buspirate_spi:serialspeed=baud

where baud can be 115200, 230400, 250000 or 2000000 (2M). The default is 2M baud for Bus Pirate
hardware version 3.0 and greater, and 115200 otherwise.

An optional pullups parameter specifies the use of the Bus Pirate internal pull-up resistors. This
may be needed if you are working with a flash ROM chip that you have physically removed from the
board. Syntax is

flashprog -p buspirate_spi:pullups=state

where state can be on or off. More information about the Bus Pirate pull-up resistors and their
purpose is available in a guide by dangerousprototypes
⟨http://dangerousprototypes.com/docs/Practical_guide_to_Bus_Pirate_pull-up_resistors⟩.

The state of the Bus Pirate power supply pins is controllable through an optional psus parameter.
Syntax is

flashprog -p buspirate_spi:psus=state

where state can be on or off. This allows the bus pirate to power the ROM chip directly. This may
also be used to provide the required pullup voltage (when using the pullups option), by connecting
the Bus Pirate's Vpu input to the appropriate Vcc pin.

pickit2_spi programmer
An optional voltage parameter specifies the voltage the PICkit2 should use. The default unit is
Volt if no unit is specified. You can use mV, millivolt, V or Volt as unit specifier. Syntax is

flashprog -p pickit2_spi:voltage=value

where value can be 0V, 1.8V, 2.5V, 3.5V or the equivalent in mV.

An optional spispeed parameter specifies the frequency of the SPI bus. Syntax is

flashprog -p pickit2_spi:spispeed=frequency

where frequency can be 250k, 333k, 500k or 1M (in Hz). The default is a frequency of 1 MHz.

dediprog programmer
An optional voltage parameter specifies the voltage the Dediprog should use. The default unit is
Volt if no unit is specified. You can use mV, milliVolt, V or Volt as unit specifier. Syntax is

flashprog -p dediprog:voltage=value

where value can be 0V, 1.8V, 2.5V, 3.5V or the equivalent in mV.

An optional device parameter specifies which of multiple connected Dediprog devices should be
used. Please be aware that the order depends on libusb's usb_get_busses() function and that the
numbering starts at 0. Usage example to select the second device:

flashprog -p dediprog:device=1

An optional spispeed parameter specifies the frequency of the SPI bus. The firmware on the device
needs to be 5.0.0 or newer. Syntax is

flashprog -p dediprog:spispeed=frequency

where frequency can be 375k, 750k, 1.5M, 2.18M, 3M, 8M, 12M or 24M (in Hz). The default is a
frequency of 12 MHz.

An optional target parameter specifies which target chip should be used. Syntax is

flashprog -p dediprog:target=value

where value can be 1 or 2 to select target chip 1 or 2 respectively. The default is target chip 1.

Dediprog SF600 and SF700 programmer models support dual and quad i/o. The default is dual i/o on
newer models with protocol v3 and single i/o otherwise. The mode can be set with the iomode
parameter. Valid values are single, dual, or quad. For instance, to enable quad i/o

flashprog -p dediprog:iomode=quad

rayer_spi programmer
The default I/O base address used for the parallel port is 0x378 and you can use the optional
iobase parameter to specify an alternate base I/O address with the

flashprog -p rayer_spi:iobase=baseaddr

syntax where baseaddr is base I/O port address of the parallel port, which must be a multiple of
four. Make sure to not forget the "0x" prefix for hexadecimal port addresses.

The default cable type is the RayeR cable. You can use the optional type parameter to specify the
cable type with the

flashprog -p rayer_spi:type=model

syntax where model can be rayer for the RayeR cable, byteblastermv for the Altera ByteBlasterMV,
stk200 for the Atmel STK200/300, wiggler for the Macraigor Wiggler, xilinx for the Xilinx Parallel
Cable III (DLC 5), or spi_tt for SPI Tiny Tools-compatible hardware.

More information about the RayeR hardware is available at RayeR's website
⟨http://rayer.g6.cz/elektro/spipgm.htm⟩. The Altera ByteBlasterMV datasheet can be obtained from
Altera ⟨http://www.altera.co.jp/literature/ds/dsbytemv.pdf⟩. For more information about the
Macraigor Wiggler see their company homepage ⟨http://www.macraigor.com/wiggler.htm⟩. The
schematic of the Xilinx DLC 5 was published in a Xilinx user guide
⟨http://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/user_guides/xtp029.pdf⟩.

pony_spi programmer
The serial port (like /dev/ttyS0, /dev/ttyUSB0 on Linux or COM3 on windows) is specified using the
mandatory dev parameter. The adapter type is selectable between SI-Prog (used for SPI devices with
PonyProg 2000) or a custom made serial bitbanging programmer named "serbang". The optional type
parameter accepts the values "si_prog" (default) or "serbang".

Information about the SI-Prog adapter can be found at its website
⟨http://www.lancos.com/siprogsch.html⟩.

An example call to flashprog is

flashprog -p pony_spi:dev=/dev/ttyS0,type=serbang

Please note that while USB-to-serial adapters work under certain circumstances, this slows down
operation considerably.

ogp_spi programmer
The flash ROM chip to access must be specified with the rom parameter.

flashprog -p ogp_spi:rom=name

Where name is either cprom or s3 for the configuration ROM and bprom or bios for the BIOS ROM. If
more than one card supported by the ogp_spi programmer is installed in your system, you have to
specify the PCI address of the card you want to use with the pci= parameter as explained in the
nic3com et al. section above.

linux_gpio_spi programmer
Either the GPIO device node or the chip number as well as the GPIO numbers of the SPI lines must
be specified like in the following examples:

flashprog -p linux_gpio_spi:dev=/dev/gpiochip0,cs=8,sck=11,mosi=10,miso=9

flashprog -p linux_gpio_spi:gpiochip=0,cs=8,sck=11,mosi=10,miso=9

Here, gpiochip=0 selects the GPIO chip 0, accessible through Linux device node /dev/gpiochip0, and
the cs, sck, mosi, miso arguments select the GPIO numbers used as SPI lines connected to the flash
ROM chip. If libgpiod 2.0 or later is available, dual-i/o is enabled by default with
bidirectional MOSI and MISO lines, and if a quad-i/o capable chip is connect with four lines, the
additional GPIOs can be specified via io2 and io3 parameters.

In the example above, the GPIO numbers of the hardware SPI lines of a Raspberry Pi single board
computer are specified. The first four GPIO parameters are mandatory. Note that this is a
bitbanged driver, and if your device has a hardware SPI controller, use the linux_spi programmer
driver instead for better performance.

Refer to the output of the gpioinfo utility to make sure the GPIO numbers are correct and unused.

Please note that the linux_gpio_spi driver only works on Linux, and depends on libgpiod.

linux_mtd programmer
You may specify the MTD device to use with the

flashprog -p linux_mtd:dev=/dev/mtdX

syntax where /dev/mtdX is the Linux device node for your MTD device. If left unspecified the first
MTD device found (e.g. /dev/mtd0) will be used by default.

Please note that the linux_mtd driver only works on Linux.

linux_spi programmer
You have to specify the SPI controller to use with the

flashprog -p linux_spi:dev=/dev/spidevX.Y

syntax where /dev/spidevX.Y is the Linux device node for your SPI controller.

In case the device supports it, you can set the SPI clock frequency with the optional spispeed
parameter. The frequency is parsed as kilohertz. Example that sets the frequency to 8 MHz:

flashprog -p linux_spi:dev=/dev/spidevX.Y,spispeed=8000

Please note that the linux_spi driver only works on Linux.

mstarddc_spi programmer
The Display Data Channel (DDC) is an I2C bus present on VGA and DVI connectors, that allows
exchanging information between a computer and attached displays. Its most common uses are getting
display capabilities through EDID (at I2C address 0x50) and sending commands to the display using
the DDC/CI protocol (at address 0x37). On displays driven by MSTAR SoCs, it is also possible to
access the SoC firmware flash (connected to the Soc through another SPI bus) using an In-System
Programming (ISP) port, usually at address 0x49. This flashprog module allows the latter via
Linux's I2C driver.

IMPORTANT: Before using this programmer, the display MUST be in standby mode, and only connected
to the computer that will run flashprog using a VGA cable, to an inactive VGA output. It
absolutely MUST NOT be used as a display during the procedure!

You have to specify the DDC/I2C controller and I2C address to use with the

flashprog -p mstarddc_spi:dev=/dev/i2c-X:YY

syntax where /dev/i2c-X is the Linux device node for your I2C controller connected to the
display's DDC channel, and YY is the (hexadecimal) address of the MSTAR ISP port (address 0x49 is
usually used). Example that uses I2C controller /dev/i2c-1 and address 0x49:

flashprog -p mstarddc_spi:dev=/dev/i2c-1:49

It is also possible to inhibit the reset command that is normally sent to the display once the
flashprog operation is completed using the optional noreset parameter. A value of 1 prevents
flashprog from sending the reset command. Example that does not reset the display at the end of
the operation:

flashprog -p mstarddc_spi:dev=/dev/i2c-1:49,noreset=1

Please note that sending the reset command is also inhibited if an error occurred during the
operation. To send the reset command afterwards, you can simply run flashprog once more, in chip
probe mode (not specifying an operation), without the noreset parameter, once the flash read/write
operation you intended to perform has completed successfully.

Please also note that the mstarddc_spi driver only works on Linux.

ch341a_spi programmer
The WCH CH341A programmer does not support any parameters currently. SPI frequency is fixed at 2 MHz, and
CS0 is used as per the device.

ch347_spi programmer
The driver is currently hard-coded to use CS0. An optional spispeed parameter specifies the
frequency of the SPI bus. Syntax is

flashprog -p ch347_spi:spispeed=frequency

where frequency is given in kHz and can be in the range 468 .. 60000. The frequency will be
rounded down to a supported value (60 MHz divided by a power of 2). The default is a frequency of
7.5 MHz. The SPI mode can also be set using the spimode parameter:

flashprog -p ch347_spi:spimode=mode

where mode is in the range 0 to 3. The default is mode 0.

ni845x_spi programmer
An optional voltage parameter could be used to specify the IO voltage. This parameter is available
for the NI USB-8452 device. The default unit is Volt if no unit is specified. You can use mV,
milliVolt, V or Volt as unit specifier. Syntax is

flashprog -p ni845x_spi:voltage=value

where value can be 1.2V, 1.5V, 1.8V, 2.5V, 3.3V or the equivalent in mV.

In the case if none of the programmer's supported IO voltage is within the supported voltage range
of the detected flash chip the flashprog will abort the operation (to prevent damaging the flash
chip). You can override this behaviour by passing "yes" to the ignore_io_voltage_limits parameter
(for e.g. if you are using an external voltage translator circuit). Syntax is

flashprog -p ni845x_spi:ignore_io_voltage_limits=yes

You can use the serial parameter to explicitly specify which connected NI USB-845x device should
be used. You should use your device's 7 digit hexadecimal serial number. Usage example to select
the device with 1230A12 serial number:

flashprog -p ni845x_spi:serial=1230A12

An optional spispeed parameter specifies the frequency of the SPI bus. Syntax is

flashprog -p ni845x_spi:spispeed=frequency

where frequency should a number corresponding to the desired frequency in kHz. The maximum
frequency is 12 MHz (12000 kHz) for the USB-8451 and 50 MHz (50000 kHz) for the USB-8452. The
default is a frequency of 1 MHz (1000 kHz).

An optional cs parameter specifies which target chip select line should be used. Syntax is

flashprog -p ni845x_spi:csnumber=value

where value should be between 0 and 7 By default the CS0 is used.

digilent_spi programmer
An optional spispeed parameter specifies the frequency of the SPI bus. Syntax is

flashprog -p digilent_spi:spispeed=frequency

where frequency can be 62.5k, 125k, 250k, 500k, 1M, 2M or 4M (in Hz). The default is a frequency
of 4 MHz.

dirtyjtag_spi programmer
An optional spispeed parameter specifies the frequency of the SPI bus. Syntax is

flashprog -p dirtyjtag_spi:spispeed=frequency

where frequency can be any value in hertz, kilohertz or megahertz supported by the programmer.
The default is a frequency of 100 kHz.

jlink_spi programmer
This module supports SEGGER J-Link and compatible devices.

The MOSI signal of the flash chip must be attached to TDI pin of the programmer, MISO to TDO and
SCK to TCK. The chip select (CS) signal of the flash chip can be attached to different pins of
the programmer which can be selected with the

flashprog -p jlink_spi:cs=pin

syntax where pin can be either TRST or RESET. The default pin for chip select is RESET. Note
that, when using RESET, it is normal that the indicator LED blinks orange or red.
Additionally, the VTref pin of the programmer must be attached to the logic level of the flash
chip. The programmer measures the voltage on this pin and generates the reference voltage for its
input comparators and adapts its output voltages to it.

Pinout for devices with 20-pin JTAG connector:

+-------+
| 1 2 | 1: VTref 2:
| 3 4 | 3: TRST 4: GND
| 5 6 | 5: TDI 6: GND
+-+ 7 8 | 7: 8: GND
| 9 10 | 9: TCK 10: GND
| 11 12 | 11: 12: GND
+-+ 13 14 | 13: TDO 14:
| 15 16 | 15: RESET 16:
| 17 18 | 17: 18:
| 19 20 | 19: PWR_5V 20:
+-------+

If there is more than one compatible device connected, you can select which one should be used by
specifying its serial number with the

flashprog -p jlink_spi:serial=number

syntax where number is the serial number of the device (which can be found for example in the
output of lsusb -v).

The SPI speed can be selected by using the

flashprog -p jlink_spi:spispeed=frequency

syntax where frequency is the SPI clock frequency in kHz. The maximum speed depends on the device
in use.

The power=on option can be used to activate the 5 V power supply (PWR_5V) of the J-Link during a
flash operation.

stlinkv3_spi programmer
This module supports SPI flash programming through the STMicroelectronics STLINK V3
programmer/debugger's SPI bridge interface

flashprog -p stlinkv3_spi

If there is more than one compatible device connected, you can select which one should be used by
specifying its serial number with the

flashprog -p stlinkv3_spi:serial=number

syntax where number is the serial number of the device (which can be found for example in the
output of lsusb -v).

The SPI speed can be selected by using the

flashprog -p stlinkv3_spi:spispeed=frequency

syntax where frequency is the SPI clock frequency in kHz. If the passed frequency is not
supported by the adapter the nearest lower supported frequency will be used.

EXAMPLES

       To back up and update your BIOS, run

       flashprog -p internal -r backup.rom -o backuplog.txt
       flashprog -p internal -w newbios.rom -o writelog.txt

       Please  make  sure  to copy backup.rom to some external media before you try to write. That makes offline
       recovery easier.
       If writing fails and flashprog complains about the chip being in an unknown state, you can try to restore
       the backup by running

       flashprog -p internal -w backup.rom -o restorelog.txt

       If  you  encounter  any  problems,  please  contact  us  and  supply  backuplog.txt,   writelog.txt   and
       restorelog.txt. See section BUGS for contact info.

EXIT STATUS

       flashprog exits with 0 on success, 1 on most failures but with 3 if a call to mmap() fails.

REQUIREMENTS

flashprog needs different access permissions for different programmers.

internal needs raw memory access, PCI configuration space access, raw I/O port access (x86) and MSR
access (x86).

atavia needs PCI configuration space access.

nic3com, nicrealtek and nicnatsemi need PCI configuration space read access and raw I/O port access.

atahpt needs PCI configuration space access and raw I/O port access.

gfxnvidia, drkaiser and it8212 need PCI configuration space access and raw memory access.

rayer_spi needs raw I/O port access.

satasii, nicintel, nicintel_eeprom and nicintel_spi need PCI configuration space read access and raw
memory access.

satamv and atapromise need PCI configuration space read access, raw I/O port access and raw memory
access.

serprog needs TCP access to the network or userspace access to a serial port.

buspirate_spi needs userspace access to a serial port.

ft2232_spi, usbblaster_spi and pickit2_spi need access to the respective USB device via libusb API
version 0.1.

ch341a_spi and dediprog need access to the respective USB device via libusb API version 1.0.

dummy needs no access permissions at all.

internal, nic3com, nicrealtek, nicnatsemi, gfxnvidia, drkaiser, satasii, satamv, atahpt, atavia and
atapromise have to be run as superuser/root, and need additional raw access permission.

serprog, buspirate_spi, dediprog, usbblaster_spi, ft2232_spi, pickit2_spi, ch341a_spi, digilent_spi and
dirtyjtag_spi can be run as normal user on most operating systems if appropriate device permissions are
set.

ogp needs PCI configuration space read access and raw memory access.

On OpenBSD, you can obtain raw access permission by setting securelevel=-1 in /etc/rc.securelevel and
rebooting, or rebooting into single user mode.

BUGS

       You can report bugs, ask us questions or send success reports via our communication channels listed here:
       https://www.flashprog.org/Contact.

       Also,  we  provide  a  pastebin  service  ⟨https://paste.flashrom.org⟩  that is very useful to share logs
       without spamming the communication channels.

   Laptops
       Using flashprog on older laptops is dangerous and may easily make your hardware unusable. flashprog  will
       attempt  to  detect  if  it is running on a susceptible laptop and restrict flash-chip probing for safety
       reasons. Please see the detailed discussion of this topic and associated flashprog options in the Laptops
       paragraph in the internal programmer subsection of the PROGRAMMER-SPECIFIC INFORMATION  section  and  the
       information in our wiki ⟨https://flashprog.org/Laptops⟩.

   One-time programmable (OTP) memory and unique IDs
       Some  flash chips contain OTP memory often denoted as "security registers".  They usually have a capacity
       in the range of some bytes to a few hundred bytes and can  be  used  to  give  devices  unique  IDs  etc.
       flashprog  is  not able to read or write these memories and may therefore not be able to duplicate a chip
       completely. For chip types known to include OTP memories a warning is printed when they are detected.

       Similar to OTP memories are unique, factory programmed, unforgeable IDs.  They are not modifiable by  the
       user at all.

LICENSE

       flashprog  is  covered  by  the  GNU General Public License (GPL), version 2. Some files are additionally
       available under any later version of the GPL.

COPYRIGHT

       Please see the individual files.

AUTHORS

       Andrew Morgan
       Carl-Daniel Hailfinger
       Claus Gindhart
       David Borg
       David Hendricks
       Dominik Geyer
       Edward O'Callaghan
       Eric Biederman
       Giampiero Giancipoli
       Helge Wagner
       Idwer Vollering
       Joe Bao
       Joerg Fischer
       Joshua Roys
       Kyösti Mälkki
       Luc Verhaegen
       Li-Ta Lo
       Mark Marshall
       Markus Boas
       Mattias Mattsson
       Michael Karcher
       Nikolay Petukhov
       Patrick Georgi
       Peter Lemenkov
       Peter Stuge
       Reinder E.N. de Haan
       Ronald G. Minnich
       Ronald Hoogenboom
       Sean Nelson
       Stefan Reinauer
       Stefan Tauner
       Stefan Wildemann
       Stephan Guilloux
       Steve Markgraf
       Steven James
       Urja Rannikko
       Uwe Hermann
       Wang Qingpei
       Yinghai Lu
       some others, please see the flashprog git history for details.
       Active maintainers can be reached via the mailing list ⟨flashprog@flashprog.org⟩.

       This manual page was written by Uwe Hermann ⟨uwe@hermann-uwe.de⟩, Carl-Daniel Hailfinger,  Stefan  Tauner
       and others.  It is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL (version 2 or later).

NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

OPTIONS

PROGRAMMER-SPECIFIC INFORMATION

EXAMPLES

EXIT STATUS

REQUIREMENTS

BUGS

LICENSE

COPYRIGHT

AUTHORS

SEE ALSO