Provided by: btrfsmaintenance_0.5.2-1_all 
NAME
btrfsmaintenance - automate btrfs maintenance tasks
NOTE
Refer to /usr/share/doc/btrfsmaintenance/README.Debian in addition to this man page.
DESCRIPTION
• Tuning periodic snapshotting ⟨#tuning-periodic-snapshotting⟩
This is a set of scripts supplementing the btrfs filesystem and aims to automate a few maintenance tasks.
This means the scrub, balance, trim or defragmentation.
Each of the tasks can be turned on/off and configured independently. The default config values were
selected to fit the default installation profile with btrfs on the root filesystem.
Overall tuning of the default values should give a good balance between effects of the tasks and low
impact of other work on the system. If this does not fit your needs, please adjust the settings.
Tasks
The following sections will describe the tasks in detail. There's one config option that affects the task
concurrency, BTRFS_ALLOW_CONCURRENCY. This is to avoid extra high resource consumption or unexpected
interaction among the tasks and will serialize them in the order they're started by timers.
scrub
Description: Scrub operation reads all data and metadata from the devices and verifies the checksums.
It's not mandatory, but may point out problems with faulty hardware early as it touches data that might
not be in use and bit rot.
If there's a redundancy of data/metadata, i.e. the DUP or RAID1/5/6 profiles, scrub is able to repair the
data automatically if there's a good copy available.
Impact when active: Intense read operations take place and may slow down or block other filesystem
activities, possibly only for short periods.
Tuning:
• the recommended period is once in a month but a weekly period is also acceptable
• you can turn off the automatic repair (BTRFS_SCRUB_READ_ONLY)
• the default IO priority is set to idle but scrub may take long to finish, you can change
priority to normal (BTRFS_SCRUB_PRIORITY)
Related commands:
• you can check status of last scrub run (either manual or through the cron job) by btrfs scrub
status /path
• you can cancel a running scrub anytime if you find it inconvenient (btrfs scrub cancel /path),
the progress state is saved each 5 seconds and next time scrub will start from that point
balance
Description: The balance command can do a lot of things, in general moves data around in big chunks. Here
we use it to reclaim back the space of the underused chunks so it can be allocated again according to
current needs.
The point is to prevent some corner cases where it's not possible to e.g. allocate new metadata chunks
because the whole device space is reserved for all the chunks, although the total space occupied is
smaller and the allocation should succeed.
The balance operation needs enough workspace so it can shuffle data around. By workspace we mean device
space that has no filesystem chunks on it, not to be confused by free space as reported e.g. by df.
Impact when active: Possibly big. There's a mix of read and write operations, is seek-heavy on rotational
devices. This can interfere with other work in case the same set of blocks is affected.
The balance command uses filters to do the work in smaller batches.
Before kernel version 5.2, the impact with quota groups enabled can be extreme. The balance operation
performs quota group accounting for every extent being relocated, which can have the impact of stalling
the file system for an extended period of time.
Expected result: If possible all the underused chunks are removed, the value of total in output of btrfs
fi df /path should be lower than before. Check the logs.
The balance command may fail with no space reason but this is considered a minor fault as the internal
filesystem layout may prevent the command to find enough workspace. This might be a time for manual
inspection of space.
Tuning:
• you can make the space reclaim more aggressive by adding higher percentage to
BTRFS_BALANCE_DUSAGE or BTRFS_BALANCE_MUSAGE. Higher value means bigger impact on your system
and becomes very noticeable.
• the metadata chunks usage pattern is different from data and it's not necessary to reclaim
metadata block groups that are more than 30 full. The default maximum is 10 which should not
degrade performance too much but may be suboptimal if the metadata usage varies wildly over
time. The assumption is that underused metadata chunks will get used at some point so it's not
absolutely required to do the reclaim.
• the useful period highly depends on the overall data change pattern on the filesystem
Changed defaults since 0.5:
Versions up to 0.4.2 had usage filter set up to 50% for data and up to 30% for metadata. Based on user
feedback, the numbers have been reduced to 10% (data) and 5% (metadata). The system load during the
balance service will be smaller and the result of space compaction still reasonable. Multiple data chunks
filled to less than 10% can be merged into fewer chunks. The file data can change in large volumes, e.g.
deleting a big file can free a lot of space. If the space is left unused for the given period, it's
desirable to make it more compact. Metadata consumption follows a different pattern and reclaiming only
the almost unused chunks makes more sense, otherwise there's enough reserved metadata space for
operations like reflink or snapshotting.
trim
Description: The TRIM operation (aka. discard) can instruct the underlying device to optimize blocks that
are not used by the filesystem. This task is performed on-demand by the fstrim utility.
This makes sense for SSD devices or other type of storage that can translate the TRIM action to something
useful (e.g. thin-provisioned storage).
Impact when active: Should be low, but depends on the amount of blocks being trimmed.
Tuning:
• the recommended period is weekly, but monthly is also fine
• the trim commands might not have an effect and are up to the device, e.g. a block range too
small or other constraints that may differ by device type/vendor/firmware
• the default configuration is off because of the system fstrim.timer
defrag
Description: Run defragmentation on configured directories. This is for convenience and not necessary as
defragmentation needs are usually different for various types of data.
Please note that the defragmentation process does not descend to other mount points and nested subvolumes
or snapshots. All nested paths would need to be enumerated in the respective config variable. The command
utilizes find -xdev, you can use that to verify in advance which paths will the defragmentation affect.
Periodic scheduling
There are now two ways how to schedule and run the periodic tasks: cron and systemd timers. Only one can
be active on a system and this should be decided at the installation time.
Cron
Cron takes care of periodic execution of the scripts, but they can be run any time directly from
/usr/share/btrfsmaintenance/, respecting the configured values in /etc/default/btrfsmaintenance.
The changes to configuration file need to be reflected in the /etc/cron directories where the scripts are
linked for the given period.
If the period is changed, the cron symlinks have to be refreshed:
• manually -- use systemctl restart btrfsmaintenance-refresh (or the rcbtrfsmaintenance-refresh
shortcut)
• using a file watcher -- if btrfsmaintenance-refresh.path is enabled, this will utilize the file
monitor to detect changes and will run the refresh
Systemd timers
There's a set of timer units that run the respective task script. The periods are configured in the
/etc/default/btrfsmaintenance file as well. Please note that the '.timer' and respective '.service' files
must be manually enabled before the timers will work properly.
Some package managers (e.g. apt) will configure the timers automatically at install time - you can check
with ls /usr/lib/systemd/system/btrfs*.
To install the timers manually, run btrfsmaintenance-refresh-cron.sh timer.
Quick start
Refer to /usr/share/doc/btrfsmaintenance/README.Debian for instructions to enable the Systemd timers.
cron jobs
The periodic execution of the tasks is done by the 'cron' service. Symlinks to the task scripts are
located in the respective directories in /etc/cron.<PERIOD>.
The script btrfsmaintenance-refresh-cron.sh will synchronize the symlinks according to the configuration
files. This can be called automatically by a GUI configuration tool if it's capable of running post-
change scripts or services. In that case there's btrfsmaintenance-refresh.service systemd service.
This service can also be automatically started upon any modification of the configuration file in
/etc/default/btrfsmaintenance by enabling the btrfsmaintenance-refresh.path systemd watcher.
Tuning periodic snapshotting
There are various tools and handwritten scripts to manage periodic snapshots and cleaning. The common
problem is tuning the retention policy constrained by the filesystem size and not running out of space.
This section will describe factors that affect that, using snapper ⟨https://snapper.io⟩ as an example,
but adapting to other tools should be straightforward.
Intro
Snapper is a tool to manage snapshots of btrfs subvolumes. It can create snapshots of given subvolume
manually, periodically or in a pre/post way for a given command. It can be configured to retain existing
snapshots according to time-based settings. As the retention policy can be very different for various use
cases, we need to be able to find matching settings.
The settings should satisfy user's expectation about storing previous copies of the subvolume but not
taking too much space. In an extreme, consuming the whole filesystem space and preventing some operations
to finish.
In order to avoid such situations, the snapper settings should be tuned according to the expected use
case and filesystem size.
Sample problem
Default settings of snapper on default root partition size can easily lead to no-space conditions (all
TIMELINE values set to 10). Frequent system updates make it happen earlier, but this also affects long-
term use.
Factors affecting space consumption
1. frequency of snapshotting
2. amount of data changes between snapshots (delta)
3. snapshot retention settings
4. size of the filesystem
Each will be explained below.
The way how the files are changed affects the space consumption. When a new data overwrite existing, the
new data will be pinned by the following snapshot, while the original data will belong to previous
snapshot. This means that the allocated file blocks are freed after the last snapshot pointing to them
is gone.
Tuning
The administrator/user is supposed to know the approximate use of the partition with snapshots enabled.
The decision criteria for tuning is space consumption and we're optimizing to maximize retention without
running out of space.
All the factors are intertwined and we cannot give definite answers but rather describe the tendencies.
Snapshotting frequency
• automatic: if turned on with the TIMELINE config option, the periodic snapshots are taken
hourly. The daily/weekly/monthly/yearly periods will keep the first hourly snapshot in the given
period.
• at package update: package manager with snapper support will create pre/post snapshots
before/after an update happens.
• manual: the user can create a snapshot manually with snapper create, with a given snapshot type
(i.e. single, pre, post).
Amount of data change
This is a parameter hard to predict and calculate. We work with rough estimates, e.g. megabytes,
gigabytes etc.
Retention settings
The user is supposed to know possible needs of recovery or examination of previous file copies stored in
snapshots.
It's not recommended to keep too old snapshots, e.g. monthly or even yearly if there's no apparent need
for that. The yearly snapshots should not substitute backups, as they reside on the same partition and
cannot be used for recovery.
Filesystem size
Bigger filesystem allows for longer retention, higher frequency updates and amount of data changes.
As an example of a system root partition, the recommended size is 30 GiB, but 50 GiB is selected by the
installer if the snapshots are turned on.
For non-system partition it is recommended to watch remaining free space. Although getting an accurate
value on btrfs is tricky, due to shared extents and snapshots, the output of df gives a rough idea. Low
space, like under a few gigabytes is more likely to lead to no-space conditions, so it's a good time to
delete old snapshots or review the snapper settings.
Typical use cases
A rolling distro
• frequency of updates: high, multiple times per week
• amount of data changed between updates: high
Suggested values:
TIMELINE_LIMIT_HOURLY="12"
TIMELINE_LIMIT_DAILY="5"
TIMELINE_LIMIT_WEEKLY="2"
TIMELINE_LIMIT_MONTHLY="1"
TIMELINE_LIMIT_YEARLY="0"
The size of root partition should be at least 30GiB, but more is better.
Regular/enterprise distro
• frequency of updates: low, a few times per month
• amount of data changed between updates: low to moderate
Most data changes come probably from the package updates, in the range of hundreds of megabytes per
update.
Suggested values:
TIMELINE_LIMIT_HOURLY="12"
TIMELINE_LIMIT_DAILY="7"
TIMELINE_LIMIT_WEEKLY="4"
TIMELINE_LIMIT_MONTHLY="6"
TIMELINE_LIMIT_YEARLY="1"
Big file storage
• frequency of updates: moderate to high
• amount of data changed between updates: no changes in files, new files added, old deleted
Suggested values:
TIMELINE_LIMIT_HOURLY="12"
TIMELINE_LIMIT_DAILY="7"
TIMELINE_LIMIT_WEEKLY="4"
TIMELINE_LIMIT_MONTHLY="6"
TIMELINE_LIMIT_YEARLY="0"
Note, that deleting a big file that has been snapshotted will not free the space until all relevant
snapshots are deleted.
Mixed
• frequency of updates: unpredictable
• amount of data changed between updates: unpredictable
Examples:
• home directory with small files (in range of kilobytes to megabytes), large files (hundreds of
megabytes to gigabytes).
• git trees, bare and checked out repositories
Not possible to suggest config numbers as it really depends on user expectations. Keeping a few hourly
snapshots should not consume too much space and provides a copy of files, e.g. to restore after
accidental deletion.
Starting point:
TIMELINE_LIMIT_HOURLY="12"
TIMELINE_LIMIT_DAILY="7"
TIMELINE_LIMIT_WEEKLY="1"
TIMELINE_LIMIT_MONTHLY="0"
TIMELINE_LIMIT_YEARLY="0"
Summary
┌───────────┬────────┬───────┬────────┬─────────┬────────┐
│ Type │ Hourly │ Daily │ Weekly │ Monthly │ Yearly │
├───────────┼────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼────────┤
│ Rolling │ 12 │ 5 │ 2 │ 1 │ 0 │
├───────────┼────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼────────┤
│ Regular │ 12 │ 7 │ 4 │ 6 │ 1 │
├───────────┼────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼────────┤
│ Big files │ 12 │ 7 │ 4 │ 6 │ 0 │
├───────────┼────────┼───────┼────────┼─────────┼────────┤
│ Mixed │ 12 │ 7 │ 1 │ 0 │ 0 │
└───────────┴────────┴───────┴────────┴─────────┴────────┘
About
The goal of this project is to help administering btrfs filesystems. It is not supposed to be
distribution specific. Common scripts/configs are preferred but per-distro exceptions will be added when
necessary.
License: GPL 2 ⟨https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.html⟩
Contributing guide ⟨CONTRIBUTING.md⟩.
v0.5.2 2024-08-06 BTRFSMAINTENANCE(8)