Provided by: inn2_2.7.3-1_amd64 
NAME
storage.conf - Configuration file for storage manager
DESCRIPTION
The file pathetc/storage.conf contains the rules to be used in assigning articles to different storage
methods. These rules determine where incoming articles will be stored.
The storage manager is a unified interface between INN and a variety of different storage methods,
allowing the news administrator to choose between different storage methods with different trade-offs (or
even use several at the same time for different newsgroups, or articles of different sizes). The rest of
INN need not care what type of storage method was used for a given article; the storage manager will
figure this out automatically when that article is retrieved via the storage API. Note that you may also
want to see the options provided in inn.conf(5) regarding article storage.
The storage.conf file consists of a series of storage method entries. Blank lines and lines beginning
with a number sign ("#") are ignored. The maximum number of characters in each line is 255. The order
of entries in this file is important, see below.
Each entry specifies a storage method and a set of rules. Articles which match all of the rules of a
storage method entry will be stored using that storage method; if an article matches multiple storage
method entries, the first one will be used. Each entry is formatted as follows:
method <methodname> {
newsgroups: <wildmat>
class: <storage_class>
size: <minsize>[,<maxsize>]
expires: <mintime>[,<maxtime>]
options: <options>
exactmatch: <bool>
filtered: <bool>
path: <wildmat>
}
If spaces or tabs are included in a value, that value must be enclosed in double quotes (""). If either
a number sign ("#") or a double quote are meant to be included verbatim in a value, they should be
escaped with "\".
<methodname> is the name of a storage method to use for articles which match the rules of this entry.
The currently available storage methods are:
cnfs
timecaf
timehash
tradspool
trash
See the "STORAGE METHODS" section below for more details.
The meanings of the keys in each storage method entry are as follows:
newsgroups: <wildmat>
What newsgroups are stored using this storage method. <wildmat> is a uwildmat pattern which is
matched against the newsgroups an article is posted to. If storeonxref in inn.conf is true, this
pattern will be matched against the newsgroup names in the Xref header field body; otherwise, it will
be matched against the newsgroup names in the Newsgroups header field body (see inn.conf(5) for
discussion of the differences between these possibilities). Poison wildmat expressions (expressions
starting with "@") are allowed and can be used to exclude certain group patterns: articles
crossposted to poisoned newsgroups will not be stored using this storage method. The <wildmat>
pattern is matched in order.
There is no default newsgroups pattern; if an entry should match all newsgroups, use an explicit
"newsgroups: *".
class: <storage_class>
An identifier for this storage method entry. <storage_class> should be a number between 0 and 255.
It should be unique across all of the entries in this file. It is mainly used for specifying
expiration times by storage class as described in expire.ctl(5); "timehash" and "timecaf" will also
set the top-level directory in which articles accepted by this storage class are stored. Storage
classes can be for instance numbered sequentially in storage.conf.
The assignment of a particular number to a storage class is arbitrary but permanent (since it is used
in storage tokens). As a matter of fact, an article is assigned a storage class depending on the
storage rules in effect at the time of its arrival. This identifier will not change even if
storage.conf is modified afterwards and the same article would have been assigned another storage
class, had it been received after that change. The article is still perfectly valid and retrievable.
The only difference will be for expiration with groupbaseexpiry set to false in inn.conf: the rules
in expire.ctl apply to the storage class assigned to articles at their arrival.
size: <minsize>[,<maxsize>]
A range of article sizes (in bytes) which should be stored using this storage method. If <maxsize>
is "0" or not given, the upper size of articles is limited only by maxartsize in inn.conf. The size:
field is optional and may be omitted entirely if you want articles of any size to be stored in this
storage method (if, of course, these articles fulfill all the other requirements of this storage
method entry). By default, <minsize> is set to "0".
expires: <mintime>[,<maxtime>]
A range of article expiration times which should be stored using this storage method. Be careful;
this is less useful than it may appear at first. This is based only on the Expires header field of
the article, not on any local expiration policies or anything in expire.ctl! If <mintime> is non-
zero, then this entry will not match any article without an Expires header field. This key is
therefore only really useful for assigning articles with requested longer expire times to a separate
storage method. Articles only match if the time until expiration (that is to say, the amount of time
into the future that the Expires header field of the article requests that it remain around) falls in
the interval specified by <mintime> and <maxtime>.
The format of these parameters is "0d0h0m0s" (days, hours, minutes, and seconds into the future). If
<maxtime> is "0s" or is not specified, there is no upper bound on expire times falling into this
entry (note that this key has no effect on when the article will actually be expired, but only on
whether or not the article will be stored using this storage method). This field is also optional
and may be omitted entirely if you do not want to store articles according to their Expires header
field, if any.
A <mintime> value greater than "0s" implies that this storage method won't match any article without
an Expires header field.
options: <options>
This key is for passing special options to storage methods that require them (currently only "cnfs").
See the "STORAGE METHODS" section below for a description of its use.
exactmatch: <bool>
If this key is set to true, all the newsgroups in the Newsgroups header field body (or Xref if
storeonxref in inn.conf is true) of incoming articles will be examined to see if they match
newsgroups patterns. (Normally, any non-zero number of matching newsgroups is sufficient, provided
no newsgroup matches a poison wildmat as described above.) This is a boolean value; "true", "yes"
and "on" are usable to enable this key. The case of these values is not significant. The default is
false.
filtered: <bool>
If this key is set to true, the article must have been rejected by any enabled article filters (Perl
or Python) for innd. This also requires that dontrejectfiltered is set to true in inn.conf.
Filtered articles are usually stored in a small CNFS buffer, or another storage method with a rather
tight expiration policy. This is a boolean value; "true", "yes" and "on" are usable to enable this
key. The case of these values is not significant. The default is false.
If all the storage classes have this key set to false, filtered articles are stored in the same
storage class as accepted articles. It is only when at least one storage class has this key set to
true than filtered articles and accepted articles are no longer stored mixed together in any storage
class.
path: <wildmat>
What articles by their Path header field are stored using this storage method. <wildmat> is a
uwildmat pattern which is matched against the Path header field body of articles, which corresponds
to where articles have passed, or were posted at. Poison wildmat expressions (expressions starting
with "@") are allowed and can be used to exclude certain path patterns (in lieu of expressions
starting with "!" that are not considered negated because "!" has a special meaning in Path header
fields). The <wildmat> pattern is matched in order.
A typical use case might be to store articles from a spammy site in a small CNFS buffer to avoid
overall retention impacts:
path: "*!spam-site.example.com!not-for-mail"
The default is to match all articles.
If an article matches all of the constraints of an entry, it is stored via that storage method and is
associated with that <storage_class>. This file is scanned in order and the first matching entry is used
to store the article.
If an article does not match any entry, either by being posted to a newsgroup which does not match any of
the <wildmat> patterns or by being outside the size and expires ranges of all entries whose newsgroups
pattern it does match, the article is not stored and is rejected by innd. When this happens, the error
message:
cant store article: no matching entry in storage.conf
is logged to syslog. If you want to silently drop articles matching certain newsgroup patterns or size
or expires ranges, assign them to the "trash" storage method rather than having them not match any
storage method entry.
STORAGE METHODS
Currently, there are five storage methods available. Each method has its pros and cons; you can choose
any mixture of them as is suitable for your environment. Note that each method has an attribute
EXPENSIVESTAT which indicates whether checking the existence of an article is expensive or not. This is
used to run expireover(8).
cnfs
The "cnfs" storage method stores articles in large cyclic buffers (CNFS stands for Cyclic News File
System). Articles are stored in CNFS buffers in arrival order, and when the buffer fills, it wraps
around to the beginning and stores new articles over the top of the oldest articles in the buffer.
The expire time of articles stored in CNFS buffers is therefore entirely determined by how long it
takes the buffer to wrap around, which depends on how quickly data is being stored in it. (This
method is therefore said to have self-expire functionality. It also means that when an article is
cancelled, the cycbuff doesn't go back and use space until it rolls over and the whole cycbuff starts
being reused.) EXPENSIVESTAT is false for this method.
CNFS has its own configuration file, cycbuff.conf, which describes some subtleties to the basic
description given above. Storage method entries for the "cnfs" storage method must have an options:
field specifying the metacycbuff into which articles matching that entry should be stored; see
cycbuff.conf(5) for details on metacycbuffs.
Advantages: By far the fastest of all storage methods (except for "trash"), since it eliminates the
overhead of dealing with a file system and creating new files. Unlike all other storage methods, it
does not require manual article expiration. With CNFS, the server will never throttle itself due to
a full spool disk, and groups are restricted to just the buffer files given so that they can never
use more than the amount of disk space allocated to them.
Disadvantages: Article retention times are more difficult to control because old articles are
overwritten automatically. Attacks on Usenet, such as flooding or massive amounts of spam, can
result in wanted articles expiring much faster than intended (with no warning).
timecaf
This method stores multiple articles in one file, whose name is based on the article's arrival time
and the storage class. The file name will be:
<patharticles>/timecaf-nn/bb/aacc.CF
where "nn" is the hexadecimal value of <storage_class>, "bb" and "aacc" are the hexadecimal
components of the arrival time, and "CF" is a hardcoded extension. (The arrival time, in seconds
since the epoch, is converted to hexadecimal and interpreted as "0xaabbccdd", with "aa", "bb", and
"cc" used to build the path.) This method does not have self-expire functionality (meaning expire
has to run periodically to delete old articles, as well as cancelled articles if immediatecancel is
not set to true in inn.conf). EXPENSIVESTAT is false for this method.
A given CAF file contains all the articles received during a time frame of 4 minutes or so (256
seconds), and is limited to 262,144 articles and about 3,5 GB. It is enough for normal operations.
The only caveat is when you're feeding at high speed bunches of articles between two servers; you'll
then want to limit it to that amount of articles during the time frame when a CAF file stores newly
arrived articles.
Advantages: It is roughly four times faster than "timehash" for article writes, since much of the
file system overhead is bypassed, while still retaining the same fine control over article retention
time.
Disadvantages: Using this method means giving up all but the most careful manually fiddling with the
article spool; in this aspect, it looks like "cnfs". As one of the newer and least widely used
storage types, "timecaf" has not been as thoroughly tested as the other methods. It requires running
a nightly expire program to delete old articles by either compacting CAF files if they still contain
available articles, or removing them.
timehash
This method is very similar to "timecaf" except that each article is stored in a separate file. The
name of the file for a given article will be:
<patharticles>/time-nn/bb/cc/yyyy-aadd
where "nn" is the hexadecimal value of <storage_class>, "yyyy" is a hexadecimal sequence number, and
"bb", "cc", and "aadd" are components of the arrival time in hexadecimal (the arrival time is
interpreted as documented above under "timecaf"). This method does not have self-expire
functionality. Cancelled articles are removed immediately. EXPENSIVESTAT is true for this method.
Advantages: Heavy traffic groups do not cause bottlenecks, and a fine control of article retention
time is still possible.
Disadvantages: The ability to easily find all articles in a given newsgroup and manually fiddle with
the article spool is lost, and INN still suffers from speed degradation due to file system overhead
(creating and deleting individual files is a slow operation) and from a higher inode usage. It also
requires a nightly expire program to delete old articles out of the news spool.
tradspool
Traditional spool, or "tradspool", is the traditional news article storage format. Each article is
stored in an individual text file named:
<patharticles>/news/group/name/nnnnn
where "news/group/name" is the name of the newsgroup to which the article was posted with each period
changed to a slash, and "nnnnn" is the sequence number of the article in that newsgroup. For
crossposted articles, the article is linked into each newsgroup to which it is crossposted (using
either hard or symbolic links). This is the way versions of INN prior to 2.0 stored all articles, as
well as being the article storage format used by C News and earlier news systems. This method does
not have self-expire functionality. Cancelled articles are removed immediately. EXPENSIVESTAT is
true for this method.
Advantages: It is widely used and well-understood; it can read article spools written by older
versions of INN and it is compatible with all third-party INN add-ons. This storage mechanism
provides easy and direct access to the articles stored on the server, makes writing programs that
fiddle with the news spool very easy, gives fine control over article retention times, and comes with
the scanspool support utility to perform sanity checks.
Disadvantages: It needs a faster file system and I/O system than the cnfs and timecaf storage methods
due to file system overhead. Groups with heavy traffic tend to create a bottleneck because of
inefficiencies in storing large numbers of article files in a single directory. It consumes more
inodes and requires a nightly expire program to delete old articles out of the news spool.
trash
This method silently discards all articles stored in it. Its only real uses are for testing and for
silently discarding articles matching a particular storage method entry (for whatever reason).
Articles stored in this method take up no disk space and can never be retrieved, so this method has
self-expire functionality of a sort. EXPENSIVESTAT is false for this method.
EXAMPLES
The following sample storage.conf file would store all articles posted to alt.binaries.* in the
"BINARIES" CNFS metacycbuff, all articles over roughly 50 KB in any other hierarchy in the "LARGE" CNFS
metacycbuff, all other articles in alt.* in one timehash class, and all other articles in any newsgroups
in a second timehash class, except for the internal.* hierarchy which is stored in traditional spool
format.
method tradspool {
class: 1
newsgroups: internal.*
}
method cnfs {
class: 2
newsgroups: alt.binaries.*
options: BINARIES
}
method cnfs {
class: 3
newsgroups: *
size: 50000
options: LARGE
}
method timehash {
class: 4
newsgroups: alt.*
}
method timehash {
class: 5
newsgroups: *
}
Notice that the last storage method entry will catch everything. This is a good habit to get into; make
sure that you have at least one catch-all entry just in case something you did not expect falls through
the cracks. Notice also that the special rule for the internal.* hierarchy is first, so it will catch
even articles crossposted to alt.binaries.* or over 50 KB in size.
As for poison wildmat expressions, if you have for instance an article crossposted between misc.foo and
misc.bar, the pattern:
misc.*,!misc.bar
will match that article whereas the pattern:
misc.*,@misc.bar
will not match that article. An article posted only to misc.bar will fail to match either pattern.
Usually, high-volume groups and groups whose articles do not need to be kept around very long (binaries
groups, *.jobs*, news.lists.filters, etc.) are stored in CNFS buffers. Use the other methods (or CNFS
buffers again) for everything else. However, it is as often as not most convenient to keep in
"tradspool" special hierarchies like local hierarchies and hierarchies that should never expire or
through the spool of which you need to go manually.
HISTORY
Written by Katsuhiro Kondou <kondou@nec.co.jp> for InterNetNews. Rewritten into POD by Julien Elie.
SEE ALSO
cycbuff.conf(5), expire.ctl(5), expireover(8), inn.conf(5), innd(8), libinn_uwildmat(3), scanspool(8).
INN 2.7.3 2025-05-19 STORAGE.CONF(5)