Provided by: libtie-dbi-perl_1.08-2_all 
NAME
Tie::DBI - Tie hashes to DBI relational databases
SYNOPSIS
use Tie::DBI;
tie %h,'Tie::DBI','mysql:test','test','id',{CLOBBER=>1};
tie %h,'Tie::DBI',{db => 'mysql:test',
table => 'test',
key => 'id',
user => 'nobody',
password => 'ghost',
CLOBBER => 1};
# fetching keys and values
@keys = keys %h;
@fields = keys %{$h{$keys[0]}};
print $h{'id1'}->{'field1'};
while (($key,$value) = each %h) {
print "Key = $key:\n";
foreach (sort keys %$value) {
print "\t$_ => $value->{$_}\n";
}
}
# changing data
$h{'id1'}->{'field1'} = 'new value';
$h{'id1'} = { field1 => 'newer value',
field2 => 'even newer value',
field3 => "so new it's squeaky clean" };
# other functions
tied(%h)->commit;
tied(%h)->rollback;
tied(%h)->select_where('price > 1.20');
@fieldnames = tied(%h)->fields;
$dbh = tied(%h)->dbh;
DESCRIPTION
This module allows you to tie Perl associative arrays (hashes) to SQL databases using the DBI interface.
The tied hash is associated with a table in a local or networked database. One column becomes the hash
key. Each row of the table becomes an associative array, from which individual fields can be set or
retrieved.
USING THE MODULE
To use this module, you must have the DBI interface and at least one DBD (database driver) installed.
Make sure that your database is up and running, and that you can connect to it and execute queries using
DBI.
Creating the tie
tie %var,'Tie::DBI',[database,table,keycolumn] [,\%options]
Tie a variable to a database by providing the variable name, the tie interface (always "Tie::DBI"), the
data source name, the table to tie to, and the column to use as the hash key. You may also pass various
flags to the interface in an associative array.
database
The database may either be a valid DBI-style data source string of the form
"dbi:driver:database_name[:other information]", or a database handle that has previously been opened.
See the documentation for DBI and your DBD driver for details. Because the initial "dbi" is always
present in the data source, Tie::DBI will add it for you if necessary.
Note that some drivers (Oracle in particular) have an irritating habit of appending blanks to the end
of fixed-length fields. This will screw up Tie::DBI's routines for getting key names. To avoid this
you should create the database handle with a ChopBlanks option of TRUE. You should also use a
PrintError option of true to avoid complaints during STORE and LISTFIELD calls.
table
The table in the database to bind to. The table must previously have been created with a SQL CREATE
statement. This module will not create tables for you or modify the schema of the database.
key The column to use as the hash key. This column must prevoiusly have been defined when the table was
created. In order for this module to work correctly, the key column must be declared unique and not
nullable. For best performance, the column should be also be declared a key. These three
requirements are automatically satisfied for primary keys.
It is possible to omit the database, table and keycolumn arguments, in which case the module tries to
retrieve the values from the options array. The options array contains a set of option/value pairs. If
not provided, defaults are assumed. The options are:
user
Account name to use for database authentication, if necessary. Default is an empty string (no
authentication necessary).
password
Password to use for database authentication, if necessary. Default is an empty string (no
authentication necessary).
db The database to bind to the hash, if not provided in the argument list. It may be a DBI-style data
source string, or a previously-opened database handle.
table
The name of the table to bind to the hash, if not provided in the argument list.
key The name of the column to use as the hash key, if not provided in the argument list.
CLOBBER (default 0)
This controls whether the database is writable via the bound hash. A zero value (the default) makes
the database essentially read only. An attempt to store to the hash will result in a fatal error. A
CLOBBER value of 1 will allow you to change individual fields in the database, and to insert new
records, but not to delete entire records. A CLOBBER value of 2 allows you to delete records, but
not to erase the entire table. A CLOBBER value of 3 or higher will allow you to erase the entire
table.
Operation Clobber Comment
$i = $h{strawberries}->{price} 0 All read operations
$h{strawberries}->{price} += 5 1 Update fields
$h{bananas}={price=>23,quant=>3} 1 Add records
delete $h{strawberries} 2 Delete records
%h = () 3 Clear entire table
undef %h 3 Another clear operation
All database operations are contingent upon your access privileges. If your account does not have
write permission to the database, hash store operations will fail despite the setting of CLOBBER.
AUTOCOMMIT (default 1)
If set to a true value, the "autocommit" option causes the database driver to commit after every
store statement. If set to a false value, this option will not commit to the database until you
explicitly call the Tie::DBI commit() method.
The autocommit option defaults to true.
DEBUG (default 0)
When the DEBUG option is set to a non-zero value the module will echo the contents of SQL statements
and other debugging information to standard error. Higher values of DEBUG result in more verbose
(and annoying) output.
WARN (default 1)
If set to a non-zero value, warns of illegal operations, such as attempting to delete the value of
the key column. If set to a zero value, these errors will be ignored silently.
CASESENSITIV (default 0)
If set to a non-zero value, all Fieldnames are casesensitiv. Keep in mind, that your database has to
support casesensitiv Fields if you want to use it.
USING THE TIED ARRAY
The tied array represents the database table. Each entry in the hash is a record, keyed on the column
chosen in the tie() statement. Ordinarily this will be the table's primary key, although any unique
column will do.
Fetching an individual record returns a reference to a hash of field names and values. This hash
reference is itself a tied object, so that operations on it directly affect the database.
Fetching information
In the following examples, we will assume a database table structured like this one:
-produce-
produce_id price quantity description
strawberries 1.20 8 Fresh Maine strawberries
apricots 0.85 2 Ripe Norwegian apricots
bananas 1.30 28 Sweet Alaskan bananas
kiwis 1.50 9 Juicy New York kiwi fruits
eggs 1.00 12 Farm-fresh Atlantic eggs
We tie the variable %produce to the table in this way:
tie %produce,'Tie::DBI',{db => 'mysql:stock',
table => 'produce',
key => 'produce_id',
CLOBBER => 2 # allow most updates
};
We can get the list of keys this way:
print join(",",keys %produce);
=> strawberries,apricots,bananas,kiwis
Or get the price of eggs thusly:
$price = $produce{eggs}->{price};
print "The price of eggs = $price";
=> The price of eggs = 1.2
String interpolation works as you would expect:
print "The price of eggs is still $produce{eggs}->{price}"
=> The price of eggs is still 1.2
Various types of syntactic sugar are allowed. For example, you can refer to $produce{eggs}{price} rather
than $produce{eggs}->{price}. Array slices are fully supported as well:
($apricots,$kiwis) = @produce{apricots,kiwis};
print "Kiwis are $kiwis->{description};
=> Kiwis are Juicy New York kiwi fruits
($price,$description) = @{$produce{eggs}}{price,description};
=> (2.4,'Farm-fresh Atlantic eggs')
If you provide the tied hash with a comma-delimited set of record names, and you are not requesting an
array slice, then the module does something interesting. It generates a single SQL statement that
fetches the records from the database in a single pass (rather than the multiple passes required for an
array slice) and returns the result as a reference to an array. For many records, this can be much
faster. For example:
$result = $produce{apricots,bananas};
=> ARRAY(0x828a8ac)
($apricots,$bananas) = @$result;
print "The price of apricots is $apricots->{price}";
=> The price of apricots is 0.85
Field names work in much the same way:
($price,$quantity) = @{$produce{apricots}{price,quantity}};
print "There are $quantity apricots at $price each";
=> There are 2 apricots at 0.85 each";
Note that this takes advantage of a bit of Perl syntactic sugar which automagically treats
$h{'a','b','c'} as if the keys were packed together with the $; pack character. Be careful not to fall
into this trap:
$result = $h{join( ',', 'apricots', 'bananas' )};
=> undefined
What you really want is this:
$result = $h{join( $;, 'apricots', 'bananas' )};
=> ARRAY(0x828a8ac)
Updating information
If CLOBBER is set to a non-zero value (and the underlying database privileges allow it), you can update
the database with new values. You can operate on entire records at once or on individual fields within a
record.
To insert a new record or update an existing one, assign a hash reference to the record. For example,
you can create a new record in %produce with the key "avocados" in this manner:
$produce{avocados} = { price => 2.00,
quantity => 8,
description => 'Choice Irish avocados' };
This will work with any type of hash reference, including records extracted from another table or
database.
Only keys that correspond to valid fields in the table will be accepted. You will be warned if you
attempt to set a field that doesn't exist, but the other fields will be correctly set. Likewise, you
will be warned if you attempt to set the key field. These warnings can be turned off by setting the WARN
option to a zero value. It is not currently possible to add new columns to the table. You must do this
manually with the appropriate SQL commands.
The same syntax can be used to update an existing record. The fields given in the hash reference replace
those in the record. Fields that aren't explicitly listed in the hash retain their previous values. In
the following example, the price and quantity of the "kiwis" record are updated, but the description
remains the same:
$produce{kiwis} = { price=>1.25,quantity=>20 };
You may update existing records on a field-by-field manner in the natural way:
$produce{eggs}{price} = 1.30;
$produce{eggs}{price} *= 2;
print "The price of eggs is now $produce{eggs}{price}";
=> The price of eggs is now 2.6.
Obligingly enough, you can use this syntax to insert new records too, as in
$produce{mangoes}{description}="Sun-ripened Idaho mangoes". However, this type of update is inefficient
because a separate SQL statement is generated for each field. If you need to update more than one field
at a time, use the record-oriented syntax shown earlier. It's much more efficient because it gets the
work done with a single SQL command.
Insertions and updates may fail for any of a number of reasons, most commonly:
1. You do not have sufficient privileges to update the database
2. The update would violate an integrity constraint, such as making a non-nullable field null,
overflowing a numeric field, storing a string value in a numeric field, or violating a uniqueness
constraint.
The module dies with an error message when it encounters an error during an update. To trap these erorrs
and continue processing, wrap the update an eval().
Other functions
The tie object supports several useful methods. In order to call these methods, you must either save the
function result from the tie() call (which returns the object), or call tied() on the tie variable to
recover the object.
connect(), error(), errstr()
These are low-level class methods. Connect() is responsible for establishing the connection with the
DBI database. Errstr() and error() return $DBI::errstr and $DBI::error respectively. You may may
override these methods in subclasses if you wish. For example, replace connect() with this code in
order to use persistent database connections in Apache modules:
use Apache::DBI; # somewhere in the declarations
sub connect {
my ($class,$dsn,$user,$password,$options) = @_;
return Apache::DBI->connect($dsn,$user,
$password,$options);
}
commit()
(tied %produce)->commit();
When using a database with the autocommit option turned off, values that are stored into the hash
will not become permanent until commit() is called. Otherwise they are lost when the application
terminates or the hash is untied.
Some SQL databases don't support transactions, in which case you will see a warning message if you
attempt to use this function.
rollback()
(tied %produce)->rollback();
When using a database with the autocommit option turned off, this function will roll back changes to
the database to the state they were in at the last commit(). This function has no effect on database
that don't support transactions.
select_where()
@keys=(tied %produce)->select_where('price > 1.00 and quantity < 10');
This executes a limited form of select statement on the tied table and returns a list of records that
satisfy the conditions. The argument you provide should be the contents of a SQL WHERE clause, minus
the keyword "WHERE" and everything that ordinarily precedes it. Anything that is legal in the WHERE
clause is allowed, including function calls, ordering specifications, and sub-selects. The keys to
those records that meet the specified conditions are returned as an array, in the order in which the
select statement returned them.
Don't expect too much from this function. If you want to execute a complex query, you're better off
using the database handle (see below) to make the SQL query yourself with the DBI interface.
dbh()
$dbh = (tied %produce)->dbh();
This returns the tied hash's underlying database handle. You can use this handle to create and
execute your own SQL queries.
CLOBBER, DEBUG, WARN
You can get and set the values of CLOBBER, DEBUG and WARN by directly accessing the object's hash:
(tied %produce)->{DEBUG}++;
This lets you change the behavior of the tied hash on the fly, such as temporarily granting your
program write permission.
There are other variables there too, such as the name of the key column and database table. Change
them at your own risk!
PERFORMANCE
What is the performance hit when you use this module rather than the direct DBI interface? It can be
significant. To measure the overhead, I used a simple benchmark in which Perl parsed a 6180 word text
file into individual words and stored them into a database, incrementing the word count with each store.
The benchmark then read out the words and their counts in an each() loop. The database driver was mySQL,
running on a 133 MHz Pentium laptop with Linux 2.0.30. I compared Tie::RDBM, to DB_File, and to the same
task using vanilla DBI SQL statements. The results are shown below:
UPDATE FETCH
Tie::DBI 70 s 6.1 s
Vanilla DBI 14 s 2.0 s
DB_File 3 s 1.06 s
There is about a five-fold penalty for updates, and a three-fold penalty for fetches when using this
interface. Some of the penalty is due to the overhead for creating sub-objects to handle individual
fields, and some of it is due to the inefficient way the store and fetch operations are implemented. For
example, using the tie interface, a statement like $h{record}{field}++ requires as much as four trips to
the database: one to verify that the record exists, one to fetch the field, and one to store the
incremented field back. If the record doesn't already exist, an additional statement is required to
perform the insertion. I have experimented with cacheing schemes to reduce the number of trips to the
database, but the overhead of maintaining the cache is nearly equal to the performance improvement, and
cacheing raises a number of potential concurrency problems.
Clearly you would not want to use this interface for applications that require a large number of updates
to be processed rapidly.
BUGS
BUGS
The each() call produces a fatal error when used with the Sybase driver to access Microsoft SQL server.
This is because this server only allows one query to be active at a given time. A workaround is to use
keys() to fetch all the keys yourself. It is not known whether real Sybase databases suffer from the
same problem.
The delete() operator will not work correctly for setting field values to null with DBD::CSV or with
DBD::Pg. CSV files do not have a good conception of database nulls. Instead you will set the field to
an empty string. DBD::Pg just seems to be broken in this regard.
AUTHOR
Lincoln Stein, lstein@cshl.org
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 1998, Lincoln D. Stein
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl
itself.
AVAILABILITY
The latest version can be obtained from:
http://www.genome.wi.mit.edu/~lstein/Tie-DBI/
SEE ALSO
perl(1), DBI(3), Tie::RDBM(3)
perl v5.36.0 2022-10-13 Tie::DBI(3pm)