Provided by: libtest-weaken-perl_3.022000-2_all 
NAME
Test::Weaken - Test that freed memory objects were, indeed, freed
SYNOPSIS
use Test::Weaken qw(leaks);
# basic leaks detection
my $leaks = leaks(sub {
my $obj = { one => 1,
two => [],
three => [3,3,3] };
return $obj;
});
if ($leaks) {
print "There were memory leaks from test 1!\n";
printf "%d of %d original references were not freed\n",
$leaks->unfreed_count(), $leaks->probe_count();
} else {
print "No leaks in test 1\n";
}
# or with various options
$leaks = Test::Weaken::leaks(
{ constructor => sub {
my @array = (42, 711);
push @array, \@array; # circular reference
return \@array;
},
destructor => sub {
print "This could invoke an object destructor\n";
},
ignore => sub {
my ($ref) = @_;
if (some_condition($ref)) {
return 1; # ignore
}
return 0; # don't ignore
},
contents => sub {
my ($ref) = @_;
return extract_more_from($ref);
},
});
if ($leaks) {
print "There were memory leaks from test 2!\n";
my $unfreed_proberefs = $leaks->unfreed_proberefs();
print "These are the probe references to the unfreed objects:\n";
require Data::Dumper;
foreach my $ref (@$unfreed_proberefs) {
print "ref $ref\n";
print Data::Dumper->Dump([$ref], ['unfreed']);
}
}
DESCRIPTION
"Test::Weaken" helps detect unfreed Perl data in arrays, hashes, scalars, objects, etc, by descending
recursively through structures and watching that everything is freed. Unfreed data is a useless overhead
and may cause an application to abend due to lack of memory.
Normally if the last reference to something is discarded then it and anything in it is freed
automatically. But this might not occur due to circular references, unexpected global variables or
closures, or reference counting mistakes in XSUBs.
"Test::Weaken" is named for the strategy used to detect leaks. References are taken to the test objects
and all their contents, then those references are weakened and expected to be then freed.
There's options to ignore intentional globals, or include extra associated data held elsewhere, or invoke
an explicit destructor. Unfreed parts are reported and can be passed to other modules such as
Devel::FindRef to try to discover why they weren't freed.
"Test::Weaken" examines structures to an unlimited depth and is safe on circular structures.
Tracking and Children
"Test::Weaken" determines the contents of a data structure by the contents of the top object of the test
data structure, and recursively into the contents of those sub-parts. The following data types are
tracked and their contents examined,
ARRAY each of its values
HASH each of its values
SCALAR if a reference then the target thing
CODE no contents as yet
tie ANY the associated tie object from tied()
In an array or hash each scalar value has an independent existence and "Test::Weaken" tracks each
individually (see "Array and Hash Keys and Values" below).
"CODE" objects, ie. subroutines, are not examined for children. This is a limitation, because closures
do hold internal references to data objects. Future versions of "Test::Weaken" might descend into CODE
objects.
The following types are not tracked by default and not examined for contents,
GLOB
IO underlying a file handle
FORMAT always global
LVALUE
GLOBs are usually either an entry in the Perl symbol table or a filehandle. An IO is the file object
underlying a filehandle. Perl symbol tables are usually permanent and shouldn't be tracked, but see
"File Handles" below for tracking open files.
Builtin types added to Perl in the future and not known to "Test::Weaken" will not be tracked by default
but could be requested with "tracked_types" below.
A variable of builtin type GLOB may be a scalar which was assigned a GLOB value (a scalar-GLOB) or it may
simply be a GLOB (a pure-GLOB). The issue that arises for "Test::Weaken" is that, in the case of a
scalar-GLOB, the scalar and the GLOB may be tied separately. At present, the underlying tied variable of
the scalar side of a scalar-GLOB is ignored. Only the underlying tied variable of the GLOB is a child
for "Test::Weaken"'s purposes.
Returns and Exceptions
The methods of "Test::Weaken" do not return errors. Errors are always thrown as exceptions.
EXPORTS
By default, "Test::Weaken" exports nothing. Optionally, leaks() may be requested in usual "Exporter"
style (see Exporter). (And poof() from "OLD FUNCTIONS" too if desired.)
use Test::Weaken 'leaks'; # import
my $tester = leaks (...);
PORCELAIN METHODS
leaks
my $leaks = Test::Weaken::leaks(
{ constructor => sub { Buggy_Object->new() },
destructor => \&destroy_buggy_object,
}
);
if ($leaks) {
print "There are leaks\n";
}
Check for leaks in the object created by the constructor function and return either an evaluated
"Test::Weaken" object instance if there are leaks, or Perl false if there are no leaks.
Instances of the "Test::Weaken" class are called testers. An evaluated tester is one on which the tests
have been run and for which results are available.
Users who only want to know if there were unfreed data objects can check the return value of leaks() for
Perl true or false. Arguments to leaks() are passed as a hashref of named arguments. leaks() can also
be called in a "short form", where the constructor and destructor are passed directly as code references.
"constructor => $coderef"
The "constructor" argument is required. Its value must be a coderef returning a reference to the
test data structure.
my $leaks = leaks ({ constructor => sub {
return Some::Object->new(123);
},
});
For "short form" the constructor coderef is the first argument,
leaks (sub {
return Some::Object->new(123);
});
If the constructor returns a list of objects then all are checked.
leaks (sub {
return (Foo->new(), Bar->new());
});
Usually this is when two objects are somehow inter-related and should weaken away together, or
perhaps sub-parts of an object not reached by the contents tracing (or see "contents" below for a
more general way to reach such sub-parts.)
"destructor => $coderef"
"destructor_method => $methodname"
An optional destructor is called just before "Test::Weaken" tries to free everything. Some test
objects or structures might require explicit destruction when they're to be freed.
"destructor" is called with the objects returned by the constructor
&$destructor ($obj, ...)
For example,
leaks ({ constructor => sub { return make_some_thing() },
destructor => sub {
my ($thing) = @_;
delete $thing->{'circular_ref'};
},
});
For "short form" the destructor is an optional second argument,
leaks (sub { Foo->new },
sub {
my ($foo) = @_;
$foo->destroy;
});
"destructor_method" is called as a method on each object returned by the constructor,
$obj->$methodname();
For example if the constructed object (or objects) require an explicit "$foo->destroy()" then
leaks ({ constructor => sub { Foo->new },
destructor_method => 'destroy' });
If both "destructor" and "destructor_method" are given then "destructor_method" calls are first, then
"destructor".
An explicit destructor may be needed for things like toplevel windows in GUI toolkits such as Wx and
Gtk (and perhaps also some main loop iterations if actual destruction is delayed). Some object-
oriented tree structures may need explicit destruction too if parent and child nodes keep hard
references to each other, though it's usually more convenient if child->parent is only a weak
reference. (See also Object::Destroyer.)
"ignore => $coderef"
"ignore_preds => [ $coderef, $coderef, ...]"
"ignore_class => $classname"
"ignore_classes => [ $classname, $classname, ... ]"
"ignore_object => $ref"
"ignore_objects => [ $ref, $ref, ... ]"
Ignore some things. When a thing is ignored it's not tracked for leaks and its contents are not
examined.
"ignore" and "ignore_preds" take predicate functions. If any of them return true then the thing $ref
refers to is ignored.
$bool = &$coderef ($ref);
For example
sub ignore_all_tied_hashes {
my ($ref) = @_;
return (ref $ref eq 'HASH'
&& defined (tied %$ref));
}
my $tester = Test::Weaken::leaks(
{ constructor => sub { MyObject->new() },
ignore => \&ignore_all_tied_hashes,
});
"ignore_class" and "ignore_classes" ignore blessed objects which are of the given class or classes.
For example,
my $leaks = Test::Weaken::leaks(
{ constructor => sub { MyObject->new() },
ignore_class => 'My::Singleton',
}
my $leaks = Test::Weaken::leaks(
{ constructor => sub { MyObject->new() },
ignore_classes => [ 'My::Singleton',
'My::PrinterDriver' ],
}
Objects are checked with
blessed($ref) && $ref->isa($classname)
which reaches any class-specific isa() in the object in the usual way. That allows classes to
masquerade or have a dynamic "isa". That's normally fine and can be highly desirable in things like
lazy loaders.
"ignore_object" and "ignore_objects" ignore the particular things referred to by the each given $ref.
For example,
my $leaks = Test::Weaken::leaks(
{ constructor => sub { MyObject->new() },
ignore_object => \%global_data,
}
my $leaks = Test::Weaken::leaks(
{ constructor => sub { MyObject->new() },
ignore_objects => [ $obj1, $obj2 ],
}
For both "ignore_object" and "ignore_objects" any "undef"s among the refs are ignored. This is handy
if a global might or might not have been initialized yet. These options are called "object" because
they're most often used with blessed objects, but unblessed things are fine too.
"ignore" callbacks should not change the contents of $ref. Doing so might cause an exception, an
infinite loop, or erroneous results. See "Debugging Ignore Subroutines" for a little help against
bad "ignore".
When comparing references in a predicate it's good to use Scalar::Util::refaddr(). Plain
"$ref==$something" can be tricked if $ref is an object with overloaded numize or "==" (see overload).
Another way to ignore is let globals etc go through as leaks and then filter them from the
"$leaks->unfreed_proberefs()" afterwards. The benefit of "ignore" is that it excludes object
contents too.
contents
An optional "contents" function can tell "Test::Weaken" about additional Perl data objects which
should be checked.
sub my_extra_contents {
my ($ref) = @_;
if (blessed($ref) && $ref->isa('MyObject')) {
return $ref->data, $ref->moredata;
} else {
return;
}
}
my $leaks = Test::Weaken::leaks(
{ constructor => sub { return MyObject->new },
contents => \&my_extra_contents
});
The given $coderef is called for each Perl data object. It should return a list of additional Perl
data objects, or an empty list if no extra contents.
@extra_contents = &$coderef ($ref);
"contents" allows OOPery such as "inside-out" where object contents are held separately. It can also
be used on wrappers for C-code objects where some of the contents of a widget etc are not in Perl
level structures but only available through object method calls etc.
"contents" and "ignore" can be used together. "ignore" is called first and if not ignored then
"contents" is called.
tracked_types
Optional "tracked_types" is an arrayref of additional builtin types to track.
my $test = Test::Weaken::leaks(
{ constructor => sub {
my $obj = MyObject->new;
return $obj;
},
tracked_types => ['GLOB'],
}
);
The default tracking is per "Tracking and Children" above. The additional types which may be tracked
are
GLOB
IO
FORMAT
LVALUE
These names are per reftype() of Scalar::Util. See "File Handles" below for setting up to track
GLOBs as filehandles.
unfreed_proberefs
my $tester = Test::Weaken::leaks( sub { Buggy_Object->new() } );
if ($tester) {
my $unfreed_proberefs = $tester->unfreed_proberefs();
foreach my $ref (@$unfreed_proberefs) {
print "unfreed: $ref\n";
}
}
Return an arrayref of references to unfreed data objects. Throws an exception if there is a problem, for
example if the tester has not yet been evaluated.
The return value can be examined to pinpoint the source of a leak or produce statistics about unfreed
data objects.
unfreed_count
my $tester = Test::Weaken::leaks( sub { Buggy_Object->new() } );
if ($tester) {
printf "%d objects were not freed\n",
$tester->unfreed_count();
}
Return the count of unfreed data objects. This is the length of the unfreed_proberefs() arrayref.
Throws an exception if there is a problem, for example if the tester has not yet been evaluated.
probe_count
my $tester = Test::Weaken::leaks(
{ constructor => sub { Buggy_Object->new() },
destructor => \&destroy_buggy_object,
}
);
next TEST if not $tester;
printf "%d of %d objects were not freed\n",
$tester->unfreed_count(), $tester->probe_count();
Return the total number of probe references in the test, including references to freed data objects.
This is the count of probe references after "Test::Weaken" was finished finding the descendants of the
test structure reference, but before "Test::Weaken" called the test structure destructor or reset the
test structure reference to "undef". Throws an exception if there is a problem, for example if the
tester has not yet been evaluated.
PLUMBING METHODS
Most users can skip this section. The plumbing methods exist to satisfy object-oriented purists, and to
accommodate the rare user who wants to access the probe counts even when the test did find any unfreed
data objects.
new
my $tester = Test::Weaken->new( sub { My_Object->new() } );
my $unfreed_count = $tester->test();
my $proberefs = $tester->unfreed_proberefs();
printf "%d of %d objects freed\n",
$unfreed_count,
$tester->probe_count();
The "new" method takes the same arguments as the "leaks" method, described above. Unlike the "leaks"
method, it always returns an unevaluated tester. An unevaluated tester is one on which the test has not
yet been run and for which results are not yet available. If there are any problems, the "new" method
throws an exception.
The "test" method is the only method that can be called successfully on an unevaluated tester. Calling
any other method on an unevaluated tester causes an exception to be thrown.
test
my $tester = Test::Weaken->new(
{ constructor => sub { My_Object->new() },
destructor => \&destroy_my_object,
}
);
printf "There are %s\n", ( $tester->test() ? 'leaks' : 'no leaks' );
Converts an unevaluated tester into an evaluated tester. It does this by performing the test specified
by the arguments to the "new" constructor and recording the results. Throws an exception if there is a
problem, for example if the tester had already been evaluated.
The "test" method returns the count of unfreed data objects. This will be identical to the length of the
array returned by "unfreed_proberefs" and the count returned by "unfreed_count".
ADVANCED TECHNIQUES
File Handles
File handles are references to GLOBs and by default are not tracked. If a handle is a package global
like "open FH, "</file/name"" then that's probably what you want. But if you use anonymous handles
either from the Symbol module or Perl 5.6 autovivified then it's good to check the handle is freed. This
can be done by asking for GLOB and IO in "tracked_types", and extracting the IO from any GLOB
encountered,
sub contents_glob_IO {
my ($ref) = @_;
if (ref($ref) eq 'GLOB') {
return *$ref{IO};
} else {
return;
}
}
my $leaks = Test::Weaken::leaks
({ constructor => sub { return MyFileObject->new },
contents => \&contents_glob_IO,
tracked_types => [ 'GLOB', 'IO' ],
});
It's good to check the IO too since it's possible for a reference elsewhere to keep it alive, in
particular a Perl-level "dup" can make another handle GLOB pointing to that same IO,
open my $dupfh, '<', $fh;
# $dupfh holds and uses *$fh{IO}
See Test::Weaken::ExtraBits for such a contents_glob_IO(), if you want to use a module rather than
copying couple of lines for that function.
Array and Hash Keys and Values
As noted above each value in a hash or array is a separate scalar and is tracked separately. Usually
such scalars are only used in their containing hash or array, but it's possible to hold a reference to a
particular element and leaks() can notice if that causes it to be unfreed.
my %hash = (foo => 123);
my $ref = \$hash{'foo'}; # ref to hash value
It's possible to put specific scalars as the values in a hash or array. They might be globals or
whatever. Usually that would arise from XSUB code, but Array::RefElem can do the same from Perl code,
use Array::RefElem 'av_store';
my $global;
my @array;
av_store (@array, 0, $global);
In XSUB code a little care is needed that refcounts are correct after av_store() or hv_store() takes
ownership of one count etc. In all cases "Test::Weaken" can notice when an array or hash element doesn't
destroy with its container. "ignore" etc will be needed for those which are intentionally persistent.
Hash keys are not separate scalars. They're strings managed entirely by the hash and there's nothing
separate for "Test::Weaken" to track.
Tie::RefHash and similar which allow arbitrary objects as keys of a hash do so by using the object
refaddr() internally as the string key but presenting objects in keys(), each(), etc. As of Tie::RefHash
1.39 and Tie::RefHash::Weak 0.09 those two modules hold the key objects within their tie object and
therefore those key objects are successfully reached by "Test::Weaken" for leak checking in the usual
way.
Tracing Leaks
Avoidance
"Test::Weaken" makes tracing leaks easier, but avoidance is still by far the best way, and "Test::Weaken"
helps with that. You need to use test-driven development, Test::More, modular tests in a "t/"
subdirectory, and revision control. These are all very good ideas for many other reasons.
Make "Test::Weaken" part of your test suite. Test frequently, so that when a leak occurs, you'll have a
good idea of what changes were made since the last successful test. Often, examining these changes is
enough to tell where the leak was introduced.
Adding Tags
The "unfreed_proberefs" method returns an array containing probes to the unfreed data objects. This can
be used to find the source of leaks. If circumstances allow it, you might find it useful to add "tag"
elements to arrays and hashes to aid in identifying the source of a leak.
Using Referent Addresses
You can quasi-uniquely identify data objects using the referent addresses of the probe references. A
referent address can be determined by using refaddr() from Scalar::Util. You can also obtain the
referent address of a reference by adding 0 to the reference.
Note that in other Perl documentation, the term "reference address" is often used when a referent address
is meant. Any given reference has both a reference address and a referent address. The reference
address is the reference's own location in memory. The referent address is the address of the Perl data
object to which the reference refers. It is the referent address that interests us here and, happily, it
is the referent address that both zero addition and refaddr return.
Other Techniques
Sometimes, when you are interested in why an object is not being freed, you want to seek out the
reference that keeps the object's refcount above 0. Devel::FindRef can be useful for this.
More About Quasi-Unique Addresses
I call referent addresses "quasi-unique", because they are only unique at a specific point in time. Once
an object is freed, its address can be reused. Absent other evidence, a data object with a given
referent address is not 100% certain to be the same data object as the object that had the same address
earlier. This can bite you if you're not careful.
To be sure an earlier data object and a later object with the same address are actually the same object,
you need to know that the earlier object will be persistent, or to compare the two objects. If you want
to be really pedantic, even an exact match from a comparison doesn't settle the issue. It is possible
that two indiscernable (that is, completely identical) objects with the same referent address are
different in the following sense: the first data object might have been destroyed and a second,
identical, object created at the same address. But for most practical programming purposes, two
indiscernable data objects can be regarded as the same object.
Debugging Ignore Subroutines
check_ignore
$tester = Test::Weaken::leaks(
{ constructor => sub { MyObject->new() },
ignore => Test::Weaken::check_ignore( \&ignore_my_global ),
}
);
$tester = Test::Weaken::leaks(
{ constructor => sub { DeepObject->new() },
ignore => Test::Weaken::check_ignore(
\&cause_deep_problem, 99, 0, $reporting_depth
),
}
);
It can be hard to determine if "ignore" callback subroutines are inadvertently modifying the test
structure. The Test::Weaken::check_ignore static method is provided to make this task easier.
Test::Weaken::check_ignore constructs a debugging wrapper from four arguments, three of which are
optional. The first argument must be the ignore callback that you are trying to debug. This callback is
called the test subject, or lab rat.
The second, optional argument, is the maximum error count. Below this count, errors are reported as
warnings using Carp::carp. When the maximum error count is reached, an exception is thrown using
Carp::croak. The maximum error count, if defined, must be an number greater than or equal to 0. By
default the maximum error count is 1, which means that the first error will be thrown as an exception.
If the maximum error count is 0, all errors will be reported as warnings and no exception will ever be
thrown. Infinite loops are a common behavior of buggy lab rats, and setting the maximum error count to 0
will usually not be something you want to do.
The third, optional, argument is the compare depth. It is the depth to which the probe referents will be
checked, as described below. It must be a number greater than or equal to 0. If the compare depth is 0,
the probe referent is checked to unlimited depth. By default the compare depth is 0.
This fourth, optional, argument is the reporting depth. It is the depth to which the probe referents are
dumped in check_ignore's error messages. It must be a number greater than or equal to -1. If the
reporting depth is 0, the object is dumped to unlimited depth. If the reporting depth is -1, there is no
dump in the error message. By default, the reporting depth is -1.
Test::Weaken::check_ignore returns a reference to the wrapper callback. If no problems are detected, the
wrapper callback behaves exactly like the lab rat callback, except that the wrapper is slower.
To discover when and if the lab rat callback is altering its arguments, Test::Weaken::check_ignore
compares the test structure before the lab rat is called, to the test structure after the lab rat
returns. Test::Weaken::check_ignore compares the before and after test structures in two ways. First,
it dumps the contents of each test structure using Data::Dumper. For comparison purposes, the dump using
Data::Dumper is performed with "Maxdepth" set to the compare depth as described above. Second, if the
immediate probe referent has builtin type REF, Test::Weaken::check_ignore determines whether the
immediate probe referent is a weak reference or a strong one.
If either comparison shows a difference, the wrapper treats it as a problem, and produces an error
message. This error message is either a Carp::carp warning or a Carp::croak exception, depending on the
number of error messages already reported and the setting of the maximum error count. If the reporting
depth is a non-negative number, the error message includes a dump from Data::Dumper of the test
structure. "Data::Dumper"'s "Maxdepth" for reporting purposes is the reporting depth as described above.
A user who wants other features, such as deep checking of the test structure for strengthened references,
can easily copy check_ignore() from the "Test::Weaken" source and hack it up. check_ignore() is a static
method that does not use any "Test::Weaken" package resources. The hacked version can reside anywhere,
and does not need to be part of the "Test::Weaken" package.
XSUB Mortalizing
When a C code XSUB returns a newly created scalar it should "mortalize" so the scalar is freed once the
caller has finished with it. See "Reference Counts and Mortality" in perlguts. Failing to do so leaks
memory.
SV *ret = newSViv(123);
sv_2mortal (ret); /* must mortalize */
XPUSHs (ret);
"Test::Weaken" can check this by taking a reference to the returned scalar,
my $leaks = leaks (sub {
return \( somexsub() );
});
if ($leaks) ...
Don't store to a new local scalar and then return that since doing so will only check the local scalar,
not the one made by somexsub().
If you want the value for further calculations then first take a reference to the return and then look
through that for the value.
leaks (sub {
my $ref = \( somexsub() );
my $value = $$ref;
# ... do something with $value
return $ref;
});
If an XSUB returns a list of values then take a reference to each as follows. This works because "map"
and "for" make the loop variable ($_ or named) an alias to each value successively (see "map" in perlfunc
and "Foreach Loops" in perlsyn).
leaks (sub {
return [ map {\$_} somexsub() ];
});
# or with a for loop
leaks (sub {
my @refs;
foreach my $value (somexsub()) {
push @refs, \$value;
}
return \@refs;
});
Don't store a returned list to an array (named or anonymous) since this copies into new scalars in that
array and the returned ones from somexsub() then aren't checked.
If you want the returned values for extra calculations then take the references first and look through
them for the values, as in the single case above. For example,
leaks (sub {
my @refs = map {\$_} somexsub();
my $first_ref = $refs[0]
my $value = $$first_ref;
# ... do something with $value
return \@refs;
});
An XSUB might deliberately return the same scalar each time, perhaps a pre-calculated constant or a
global variable it maintains. In that case the scalar intentionally won't weaken away and this leaks()
checking is not applicable.
Returning the same scalar every time occurs in pure Perl too with an anonymous constant subr such as
created by the "constant" module (see constant). This is unlikely to arise directly, but might be seen
through a scalar ref within an object etc.
# FOO() returns same scalar every time
*FOO = sub () { 123 };
# same from the constant module
use constant BAR => 456;
It's up to an XSUB etc how long return values are supposed to live. But generally if the code has any
sort of newSV() or sv_newmortal() etc to make a new scalar as its return then that ought to weaken away.
The details of an XSUB return are often hidden in a typemap file for brevity and consistency (see "The
Typemap" in perlxs). The standard typemap conversions of Extutils/typemap are easy to use correctly.
But code with explicit PUSHs() etc is worth checking. The reference counting rules for av_push() etc are
slightly subtle too if building nested structures in XS. Usually missing mortalizing or ref count
sinking will leak objects which "Test::Weaken" can detect. Too much mortalizing or ref count sinking
will cause negative refcounts and probable segfaults.
OLD FUNCTIONS
The following poof() was from "Test::Weaken" 1.0 and has been superseded in 2.0 by leaks() which is
easier to use.
"my $unfreed_count = Test::Weaken::poof(sub { return $obj });"
"my ($weak_count, $strong_count, $weak_unfreed_aref, $strong_unfreed_aref) = Test::Weaken::poof(sub {
return $obj });"
Check that $obj returned by the given constructor subroutine is freed when weakened. This is the
same as leaks() except for the style of the return values.
In scalar context the return is a count of unfreed references. If everything is freed then this is
0.
my $unfreed_count = Test::Weaken::poof(sub { return [1,2,3] });
if ($unfreed_count == 0 {
print "No leaks\n";
} else {
print "There were leaks\n";
}
In array context the return is four values
my ($weak_count, $strong_count,
$weak_unfreed_aref, $strong_unfreed_aref)
= Test::Weaken::poof (sub { return $obj });
$weak_count count of weak refs examined
$strong_count count of strong refs examined
$weak_unfreed_aref arrayref of unfreed weak refs
$strong_unfreed_aref arrayref of unfreed strong refs
The counts are total references examined. The arrayrefs give the unfreed ones. A distinction is
made between strong references and weak references in the test structure. If there's no leaks then
both $weak_unfreed_aref and $strong_unfreed_aref are empty arrays.
There's usually not much interest in whether an unfreed thing was from a weak or strong reference.
In the new leaks() the unfreed_proberefs() gives both together. The could be separated there by
checking isweak() on each if desired.
IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS
Overview
"Test::Weaken" first recurses through the test structure. Starting from the test structure reference, it
examines data objects for children recursively, until it has found the complete contents of the test
structure. The test structure is explored to unlimited depth. For each tracked Perl data object, a
probe reference is created. Tracked data objects are recorded. In the recursion, no object is visited
twice, and infinite loops will not occur, even in the presence of cycles.
Once recursion through the test structure is complete, the probe references are weakened. This prevents
the probe references from interfering with the normal deallocation of memory. Next, the test structure
destructor is called, if there is one.
Finally, the test structure reference is set to "undef". This should trigger the deallocation of the
entire contents of the test structure. To check that this happened, "Test::Weaken" dereferences the
probe references. If the referent of a probe reference was deallocated, the value of that probe
reference will be "undef". If a probe reference is still defined at this point, it refers to an unfreed
Perl data object.
Why the Test Structure is Passed Via a Closure
"Test::Weaken" gets its test structure reference indirectly, as the return value from a test structure
constructor. Why so roundabout?
Because the indirect way is the easiest. When you create the test structure in "Test::Weaken"'s calling
environment, it takes a lot of craft to avoid leaving unintended references to the test structure in that
calling environment. It is easy to get this wrong. Those unintended references will create memory leaks
that are artifacts of the test environment. Leaks that are artifacts of the test environment are very
difficult to sort out from the real thing.
The closure-local strategy is the easiest way to avoid leaving unintended references to the contents of
Perl data objects. Using the closure-local strategy means working entirely within a closure, using only
data objects local to that closure. Data objects local to a closure will be destroyed when the closure
returns, and any references they held will be released. The closure-local strategy makes it relatively
easy to be sure that nothing is left behind that will hold an unintended reference to any of the contents
of the test structure.
Nothing prevents a user from subverting the closure-local strategy. A test structure constructor can
return a reference to a test structure created from Perl data objects in any scope the user desires.
AUTHOR
Jeffrey Kegler
BUGS
Please report any bugs or feature requests to "bug-test-weaken at rt.cpan.org", or through the web
interface at
http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/ReportBug.html?Queue=Test-Weaken
SUPPORT
You can find documentation for this module with the perldoc command.
perldoc Test::Weaken
You can also look for information at:
• AnnoCPAN: Annotated CPAN documentation
<http://annocpan.org/dist/Test-Weaken>
• CPAN Ratings
<http://cpanratings.perl.org/d/Test-Weaken>
• RT: CPAN's request tracker
<http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/Bugs.html?Dist=Test-Weaken>
• Search CPAN
<http://search.cpan.org/dist/Test-Weaken>
SEE ALSO
Test::Weaken::ExtraBits, miscellaneous extras
Test::Weaken::Gtk2, extras for use with Gtk2-Perl
Scalar::Util, Scalar::Util::Instance
"Test::Weaken" at this point is robust and has seen extensive use. Its tracking of memory is careful
enough that it has even stumbled upon a bug in perl itself
<http://rt.perl.org/rt3/Public/Bug/Display.html?id=67838>.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to jettero, Juerd, morgon and perrin of Perlmonks for their advice. Thanks to Lincoln Stein
(developer of Devel::Cycle) for test cases and other ideas. Kevin Ryde made many important suggestions
and provided the test cases which provided the impetus for the versions 2.000000 and after. For version
3.000000, Kevin also provided patches.
LICENSE AND COPYRIGHT
Copyright 2012 Jeffrey Kegler, all rights reserved.
Copyright 2012 Kevin Ryde
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl
5.10.
perl v5.40.1 2025-04-13 Test::Weaken(3pm)