Provided by: tcl9.0-doc_9.0.1+dfsg-1_all 
NAME
filename - File name conventions supported by Tcl commands
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INTRODUCTION
All Tcl commands and C procedures that take file names as arguments expect the file names to be in one of
three forms, depending on the current platform. On each platform, Tcl supports file names in the
standard forms(s) for that platform. In addition, on all platforms, Tcl supports a Unix-like syntax
intended to provide a convenient way of constructing simple file names. However, scripts that are
intended to be portable should not assume a particular form for file names. Instead, portable scripts
must use the file split and file join commands to manipulate file names (see the file manual entry for
more details).
PATH TYPES
File names are grouped into three general types based on the starting point for the path used to specify
the file: absolute, relative, and volume-relative. Absolute names are completely qualified, giving a
path to the file relative to a particular volume and the root directory on that volume. Relative names
are unqualified, giving a path to the file relative to the current working directory. Volume-relative
names are partially qualified, either giving the path relative to the root directory on the current
volume, or relative to the current directory of the specified volume. The file pathtype command can be
used to determine the type of a given path.
PATH SYNTAX
The rules for native names depend on the value reported in the Tcl platform element of the tcl_platform
array:
Unix On Unix and Apple macOS platforms, Tcl uses path names where the components are separated by
slashes. Path names may be relative or absolute, and file names may contain any character
other than slash. The file names . and .. are special and refer to the current directory and
the parent of the current directory respectively. Multiple adjacent slash characters are
interpreted as a single separator, except for the first double slash // in absolute paths. Any
number of trailing slash characters at the end of a path are simply ignored, so the paths foo,
foo/ and foo// are all identical, and in particular foo/ does not necessarily mean a directory
is being referred.
The following examples illustrate various forms of path names:
/ Absolute path to the root directory.
/etc/passwd Absolute path to the file named passwd in the directory etc in the root
directory.
. Relative path to the current directory.
foo Relative path to the file foo in the current directory.
foo/bar Relative path to the file bar in the directory foo in the current directory.
../foo Relative path to the file foo in the directory above the current directory.
Windows On Microsoft Windows platforms, Tcl supports both drive-relative and UNC style names. Both /
and \ may be used as directory separators in either type of name. Drive-relative names consist
of an optional drive specifier followed by an absolute or relative path. UNC paths follow the
general form \\servername\sharename\path\file, but must at the very least contain the server
and share components, i.e. \\servername\sharename. In both forms, the file names . and .. are
special and refer to the current directory and the parent of the current directory
respectively. The following examples illustrate various forms of path names:
\\Host\share/file
Absolute UNC path to a file called file in the root directory of the export
point share on the host Host. Note that repeated use of file dirname on this
path will give //Host/share, and will never give just //Host.
c:foo Volume-relative path to a file foo in the current directory on drive c.
c:/foo Absolute path to a file foo in the root directory of drive c.
foo\bar Relative path to a file bar in the foo directory in the current directory on the
current volume.
\foo Volume-relative path to a file foo in the root directory of the current volume.
\\foo Volume-relative path to a file foo in the root directory of the current volume.
This is not a valid UNC path, so the assumption is that the extra backslashes
are superfluous.
Zipfs
On all platforms where zipfs support is enabled, paths within mounted ZIP archives begin with
the string returned by the zipfs root command. Zipfs paths are case-sensitive on all
platforms.
TILDE SUBSTITUTION
Unlike earlier versions of Tcl, Tcl 9 does not do implicit tilde substitution on file paths with the
exception noted below. The commands file home and file tildeexpand may be used to explicitly accomplish
the same.
The exception to the above is initialization of the auto_path variable and the Tcl module search paths as
documented in the manpages for tclvars and tm. When any path in an environment variable used to
initialize these starts with a tilde, it will be interpreted as if the first element is replaced with the
location of the home directory for the given user. If the tilde is followed immediately by a separator,
the $HOME environment variable is substituted. Otherwise the characters between the tilde and the next
separator are taken as a user name, which is used to retrieve the user's home directory for substitution.
This works on POSIX, macOS and Windows platforms.
PORTABILITY ISSUES
Not all file systems are case sensitive, so scripts should avoid code that depends on the case of
characters in a file name. In addition, the character sets allowed on different devices may differ, so
scripts should choose file names that do not contain special characters like: <>:?"/\|. The safest
approach is to use names consisting of alphanumeric characters only. Care should be taken with filenames
which contain spaces (common on Windows systems) and filenames where the backslash is the directory
separator (Windows native path names).
On Windows platforms there are file and path length restrictions. Complete paths or filenames longer
than about 260 characters will lead to errors in most file operations.
Another Windows peculiarity is that any number of trailing dots “.” in filenames are totally ignored,
so, for example, attempts to create a file or directory with a name “foo.” will result in the creation
of a file/directory with name “foo”. This fact is reflected in the results of file normalize.
Furthermore, a file name consisting only of dots “.........” or dots with trailing characters “.....abc”
is illegal.
SEE ALSO
file(3tcl), glob(3tcl), zipfs(3tcl)
KEYWORDS
current directory, absolute file name, relative file name, volume-relative file name, portability
Tcl 7.5 filename(3tcl)