Provided by: coturn_4.5.2-3.1~ubuntu22.04.1_amd64 
GENERAL INFORMATION
The TURN Server project contains the source code of a TURN server and TURN client messaging library.
Also, some extra programs provided, for testing-only purposes.
See the INSTALL file for the building instructions.
After the build, you will have the following binary images:
1. turnserver: TURN Server relay. The compiled binary image of the TURN Server program is located in
bin/ sub-directory.
2. turnadmin: TURN administration tool. See README.turnadmin and turnadmin man page.
3. turnutils_uclient. See README.turnutils and turnutils man page.
4. turnutils_peer. See README.turnutils and turnutils man page.
5. turnutils_stunclient. See README.turnutils and turnutils man page.
6. turnutils_rfc5769check. See README.turnutils and turnutils man page.
In the "examples/scripts" sub-directory, you will find the examples of command lines to be used to run
the programs. The scripts are meant to be run from examples/ sub-directory, for example:
$ cd examples $ ./scripts/secure_relay.sh
SYSTEMD
If the systemd development library is available, then it will notify systemd about the server status.
RUNNING THE TURN SERVER
Options note: turnserver has long and short option names, for most options. Some options have only long
form, some options have only short form. Their syntax somewhat different, if an argument is required:
The short form must be used as this (for example):
$ turnserver -L 12.34.56.78
The long form equivalent must use the "=" character:
$ turnserver --listening-ip=12.34.56.78
If this is a flag option (no argument required) then their usage are the same, for example:
$ turnserver -a
is equivalent to:
$ turnserver --lt-cred-mech
=====================================
NAME
turnserver - a TURN relay server implementation.
SYNOPSIS
$ turnserver [-n | -c <config-file> ] [flags] [ --userdb=<userdb-file> | --psql-userdb=<db-conn-string> | --mysql-userdb=<db-conn-string> | --mongo-userdb=<db-conn-string> | --redis-userdb=<db-conn-string> ] [-z | --no-auth | -a | --lt-cred-mech ] [options]
$ turnserver -h
DESCRIPTION
Config file settings:
-n Do not use configuration file, use only command line parameters.
-c Configuration file name (default - turnserver.conf). The format of config file can be seen in the
supplied examples/etc/turnserver.conf example file. Long names of the options are used as the
configuration items names in the file. If not an absolute path is supplied, then the file is
searched in the following directories:
• current directory
• current directory etc/ sub-directory
• upper directory level etc/
• /etc/
• /usr/local/etc/
• installation directory /etc
User database settings:
-b, --db, --userdb
SQLite user database file name (default - /var/db/turndb or /usr/local/var/db/turndb or
/var/lib/turn/turndb).
-e, --psql-userdb
User database connection string for PostgreSQL. This database can be used for long-term
credentials mechanism, and it can store the secret value for secret-based timed authentication in
TURN REST API. The connection string format is like that:
"host=<host> dbname=<dbname> user=<db-user> password=<db-user-password> connect_timeout=<seconds>"
(for 8.x or newer Postgres).
Or:
"postgresql://username:password@hostname:port/databasename" (for 9.x or newer Postgres).
See the INSTALL file for more explanations and examples.
Also, see http://www.PostgreSQL.org for full PostgreSQL documentation.
-M, --mysql-userdb
User database connection string for MySQL or MariaDB. This database can be used for long-term
credentials mechanism, and it can store the secret value for secret-based timed authentication in
TURN REST API. The connection string format is like that:
"host=<host> dbname=<dbname> user=<db-user> password=<db-user-password> connect_timeout=<seconds>
read_timeout=<seconds>"
See the INSTALL file for more explanations and examples.
Also, see http://www.mysql.org or http://mariadb.org for full MySQL documentation.
Optional connection string parameters for the secure communications (SSL): ca, capath, cert, key,
cipher (see http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/ssl-options.html for the command options
description).
--secret-key-file
This is the file path which contain secret key of aes encryption while using MySQL password
encryption. If you want to use in the MySQL connection string the password in encrypted format,
then set in this option the file path of the secret key. The key which is used to encrypt MySQL
password. Warning: If this option is set, then MySQL password must be set in "mysql-userdb"
option in encrypted format! If you want to use cleartext password then do not set this option!
-J, --mongo-userdb
User database connection string for MongoDB. This database can be used for long-term credentials
mechanism, and it can store the secret value for secret-based timed authentication in TURN REST
API. The connection string format is like that:
"mongodb://username:password@host:port/database?options"
See the INSTALL file for more explanations and examples.
Also, see http://docs.mongodb.org/manual/ for full MongoDB documentation.
-N, --redis-userdb
User database connection string for Redis. This database can be used for long-term credentials
mechanism, and it can store the secret value for secret-based timed authentication in TURN REST
API. The connection string format is like that:
"ip=<ip-addr> dbname=<db-number> password=<db-password> connect_timeout=<seconds>"
See the INSTALL file for more explanations and examples.
Also, see http://redis.io for full Redis documentation.
Flags:
-v, --verbose
Moderate verbose mode.
-V, --Verbose
Extra verbose mode, very annoying and not recommended.
-o, --daemon
Run server as daemon.
--no-software-attribute Production mode: hide the software version.
-f, --fingerprint
Use fingerprints in the TURN messages. If an incoming request contains a fingerprint, then TURN
server will always add fingerprints to the messages in this session, regardless of the per-server
setting.
-a, --lt-cred-mech
Use long-term credentials mechanism (this one you need for WebRTC usage).
-z, --no-auth
Do not use any credentials mechanism, allow anonymous access. Opposite to -a and -A options. This
is default option when no authentication-related options are set. By default, no credential
mechanism is used - any user is allowed.
--use-auth-secret
TURN REST API flag. Flag that sets a special WebRTC authorization option that is based upon
authentication secret. The feature purpose is to support "TURN Server REST API" as described in
the TURN REST API section below. This option uses timestamp as part of combined username:
usercombo -> "timestamp:username", turn user -> usercombo, turn password ->
base64(hmac(input_buffer = usercombo, key = shared-secret)). This allows TURN credentials to be
accounted for a specific user id. If you don't have a suitable id, the timestamp alone can be
used. This option is just turns on secret-based authentication. The actual value of the secret
is defined either by option static-auth-secret, or can be found in the turn_secret table in the
database.
--oauth
Support oAuth authentication, as in the third-party STUN/TURN RFC 7635.
--dh566
Use 566 bits predefined DH TLS key. Default size of the key is 2066.
--dh1066
Use 1066 bits predefined DH TLS key. Default size of the key is 2066.
--no-tlsv1
Do not allow TLSv1/DTLSv1 protocol.
--no-tlsv1_1
Do not allow TLSv1.1 protocol.
--no-tlsv1_2
Do not allow TLSv1.2/DTLSv1.2 protocol.
--no-udp
Do not start UDP client listeners.
--no-tcp
Do not start TCP client listeners.
--no-tls
Do not start TLS client listeners.
--no-dtls
Do not start DTLS client listeners.
--no-udp-relay
Do not allow UDP relay endpoints defined in RFC 5766, use only TCP relay endpoints as defined in
RFC 6062.
--no-tcp-relay
Do not allow TCP relay endpoints defined in RFC 6062, use only UDP relay endpoints as defined in
RFC 5766.
--no-stdout-log
Flag to prevent stdout log messages. By default, all log messages are going to both stdout and to
the configured log file. With this option everything will be going to the log file only (unless
the log file itself is stdout).
--syslog
With this flag, all log will be redirected to the system log (syslog).
--simple-log
This flag means that no log file rollover will be used, and the log file name will be constructed
as-is, without PID and date appendage. This option can be used, for example, together with the
logrotate tool.
--new-log-timestamp
Enable full ISO-8601 timestamp in all logs.
--new-log-timestamp-format
<format> Set timestamp format (in strftime(1) format)
--log-binding
Log STUN binding request. It is now disabled by default to avoid DoS attacks.
--secure-stun
Require authentication of the STUN Binding request. By default, the clients are allowed anonymous
access to the STUN Binding functionality.
-S, --stun-only
Run as STUN server only, all TURN requests will be ignored. Option to suppress TURN
functionality, only STUN requests will be processed.
--no-stun
Run as TURN server only, all STUN requests will be ignored. Option to suppress STUN
functionality, only TURN requests will be processed.
--allow-loopback-peers
Allow peers on the loopback addresses (127.x.x.x and ::1). Allow it only for testing in a
development environment! In production it adds a possible security vulnerability, and so due to
security reasons, it is not allowed using it together with empty cli-password.
--no-multicast-peers
Disallow peers on well-known broadcast addresses (224.0.0.0 and above, and FFXX:*).
--mobility
Mobility with ICE (MICE) specs support.
--no-cli
Turn OFF the CLI support. By default it is always ON. See also options --cli-ip and --cli-port.
--server-relay
Server relay. NON-STANDARD AND DANGEROUS OPTION. Only for those applications when we want to run
server applications on the relay endpoints. This option eliminates the IP permissions check on
the packets incoming to the relay endpoints. See
http://tools.ietf.org/search/rfc5766#section-17.2.3 .
--udp-self-balance
(recommended for older Linuxes only) Automatically balance UDP traffic over auxiliary servers (if
configured). The load balancing is using the ALTERNATE-SERVER mechanism. The TURN client must
support 300 ALTERNATE-SERVER response for this functionality.
--check-origin-consistency
The flag that sets the origin consistency check: across the session, all requests must have the
same main ORIGIN attribute value (if the ORIGIN was initially used by the session).
--prometheus
Enable prometheus metrics. By default it is disabled. Would listen on port 9641 unther the
path /metrics also the path / on this port can be used as a health check
-h Help.
Options with values:
--stale-nonce[=<value>]
Use extra security with nonce value having limited lifetime, in seconds (default 600 secs). Set
it to 0 for unlimited nonce lifetime.
--max-allocate-lifetime
Set the maximum value for the allocation lifetime. Default to 3600 secs.
--channel-lifetime
Set the lifetime for channel binding, default to 600 secs. This value MUST not be changed for
production purposes.
--permission-lifetime
Set the value for the lifetime of the permission. Default to 300 secs. This MUST not be changed
for production purposes.
-d, --listening-device
Listener interface device. (NOT RECOMMENDED. Optional functionality, Linux only). The turnserver
process must have root privileges to bind the listening endpoint to a device. If turnserver must
run as a process without root privileges, then just do not use this setting.
-L, --listening-ip
Listener IP address of relay server. Multiple listeners can be specified, for example: -L ip1 -L
ip2 -L ip3 If no IP(s) specified, then all IPv4 and IPv6 system IPs will be used for listening.
The same ip(s) can be used as both listening and relay ip(s).
-p, --listening-port
TURN listener port for UDP and TCP listeners (Default: 3478). Note: actually, TLS & DTLS sessions
can connect to the "plain" TCP & UDP port(s), too - if allowed by configuration.
--tls-listening-port
TURN listener port for TLS and DTLS listeners (Default: 5349). Note: actually, "plain" TCP & UDP
sessions can connect to the TLS & DTLS port(s), too - if allowed by configuration. The TURN server
"automatically" recognizes the type of traffic. Actually, two listening endpoints (the "plain" one
and the "tls" one) are equivalent in terms of functionality; but we keep both endpoints to satisfy
the RFC 5766 specs. For secure TCP connections, we currently support SSL version 3 and TLS
versions 1.0, 1.1, 1.2. For secure UDP connections, we support DTLS version 1.
--alt-listening-port
Alternative listening port for UDP and TCP listeners; default (or zero) value means "listening
port plus one". This is needed for STUN CHANGE_REQUEST - in RFC 5780 sense or in old RFC 3489
sense - for NAT behavior discovery). The TURN Server supports CHANGE_REQUEST only if it is started
with more than one listening IP address of the same family (IPv4 or IPv6). The CHANGE_REQUEST is
only supported by UDP protocol, other protocols are listening on that endpoint only for
"symmetry".
--alt-tls-listening-port
Alternative listening port for TLS and DTLS protocols. Default (or zero) value means "TLS
listening port plus one".
--tcp-proxy-port
Support connections from TCP loadbalancer on this port. The loadbalancer should use the binary
proxy protocol. (https://www.haproxy.org/download/1.8/doc/proxy-protocol.txt)
--aux-server
Auxiliary STUN/TURN server listening endpoint. Aux servers have almost full TURN and STUN
functionality. The (minor) limitations are:
1) Auxiliary servers do not have alternative ports and they do not support STUN RFC 5780
functionality (CHANGE REQUEST).
2) Auxiliary servers also are never returning ALTERNATIVE-SERVER reply.
Valid formats are 1.2.3.4:5555 for IPv4 and [1:2::3:4]:5555 for IPv6. There may be multiple aux-server
options, each will be used for listening to client requests.
-i, --relay-device
Relay interface device for relay sockets (NOT RECOMMENDED. Optional, Linux only).
-E, --relay-ip
Relay address (the local IP address that will be used to relay the packets to the peer). Multiple
relay addresses may be used: -E ip1 -E ip2 -E ip3 The same IP(s) can be used as both listening
IP(s) and relay IP(s). If no relay IP(s) specified, then the turnserver will apply the default
policy: it will decide itself which relay addresses to be used, and it will always be using the
client socket IP address as the relay IP address of the TURN session (if the requested relay
address family is the same as the family of the client socket).
-X, --external-ip
TURN Server public/private address mapping, if the server is behind NAT. In that situation, if a
-X is used in form "-X <ip>" then that ip will be reported as relay IP address of all allocations.
This scenario works only in a simple case when one single relay address is be used, and no
CHANGE_REQUEST functionality is required. That single relay address must be mapped by NAT to the
'external' IP. The "external-ip" value, if not empty, is returned in XOR-RELAYED-ADDRESS field.
For that 'external' IP, NAT must forward ports directly (relayed port 12345 must be always mapped
to the same 'external' port 12345). In more complex case when more than one IP address is
involved, that option must be used several times, each entry must have form "-X
<public-ip/private-ip>", to map all involved addresses. CHANGE_REQUEST (RFC5780 or RFC3489) NAT
discovery STUN functionality will work correctly, if the addresses are mapped properly, even when
the TURN server itself is behind A NAT. By default, this value is empty, and no address mapping
is used.
-m, --relay-threads
Number of the relay threads to handle the established connections (in addition to authentication
thread and the listener thread). If explicitly set to 0 then application runs relay process in a
single thread, in the same thread with the listener process (the authentication thread will still
be a separate thread). If not set, then a default optimal algorithm will be employed
(OS-dependent). In the older Linux systems (before Linux kernel 3.9), the number of UDP threads is
always one threads per network listening endpoint - unless "-m 0" or "-m 1" is set.
--min-port
Lower bound of the UDP port range for relay endpoints allocation. Default value is 49152,
according to RFC 5766.
--max-port
Upper bound of the UDP port range for relay endpoints allocation. Default value is 65535,
according to RFC 5766.
-u, --user
Long-term security mechanism credentials user account, in the column-separated form username:key.
Multiple user accounts may be used in the command line. The key is either the user password, or
the key is generated by turnadmin command. In the second case, the key must be prepended with 0x
symbols. The key is calculated over the user name, the user realm, and the user password. This
setting may not be used with TURN REST API.
-r, --realm
The default realm to be used for the users when no explicit origin/realm relationship was found in
the database, or if the TURN server is not using any database (just the commands-line settings and
the userdb file). Must be used with long-term credentials mechanism or with TURN REST API.
-C, --rest-api-separator
This is the timestamp/username separator symbol (character) in TURN REST API. The default value is
:.
-q, --user-quota
Per-user allocations quota: how many concurrent allocations a user can create. This option can
also be set through the database, for a particular realm.
-Q, --total-quota
Total allocations quota: global limit on concurrent allocations. This option can also be set
through the database, for a particular realm.
-s, --max-bps
Max bytes-per-second bandwidth a TURN session is allowed to handle (input and output network
streams are treated separately). Anything above that limit will be dropped or temporary suppressed
(within the available buffer limits). This option can also be set through the database, for a
particular realm.
-B, --bps-capacity
Maximum server capacity. Total bytes-per-second bandwidth the TURN server is allowed to allocate
for the sessions, combined (input and output network streams are treated separately).
--static-auth-secret
Static authentication secret value (a string) for TURN REST API only. If not set, then the turn
server will try to use the dynamic value in turn_secret table in user database (if present). The
database-stored value can be changed on-the-fly by a separate program, so this is why that other
mode is dynamic. Multiple shared secrets can be used (both in the database and in the "static"
fashion).
--no-auth-pings
Disable periodic health checks to 'dynamic' auth secret tables.
--no-dynamic-ip-list
Do not use dynamic allowed/denied peer ip list.
--no-dynamic-realms
Do not use dynamic realm assignment and options.
--server-name
Server name used for the oAuth authentication purposes. The default value is the realm name.
--cert Certificate file, PEM format. Same file search rules applied as for the configuration file. If
both --no-tls and --no-dtls options are specified, then this parameter is not needed. Default
value is turn_server_cert.pem.
--pkey Private key file, PEM format. Same file search rules applied as for the configuration file. If
both --no-tls and --no-dtls options are specified, then this parameter is not needed. Default
value is turn_server_pkey.pem.
--pkey-pwd
If the private key file is encrypted, then this password to be used.
--cipher-list
Allowed OpenSSL cipher list for TLS/DTLS connections. Default value is "DEFAULT".
--CA-file
CA file in OpenSSL format. Forces TURN server to verify the client SSL certificates. By default,
no CA is set and no client certificate check is performed.
--ec-curve-name
Curve name for EC ciphers, if supported by OpenSSL library (TLS and DTLS). The default value is
prime256v1, if pre-OpenSSL 1.0.2 is used. With OpenSSL 1.0.2+, an optimal curve will be
automatically calculated, if not defined by this option.
--dh-file
Use custom DH TLS key, stored in PEM format in the file. Flags --dh566 and --dh1066 are ignored
when the DH key is taken from a file.
-l, --log-file
Option to set the full path name of the log file. By default, the turnserver tries to open a log
file in /var/log/turnserver, /var/log, /var/tmp, /tmp and . (current) directories (which file open
operation succeeds first that file will be used). With this option you can set the definite log
file name. The special names are "stdout" and "-" - they will force everything to the stdout.
Also, "syslog" name will redirect everything into the system log (syslog), as if the option
"--syslog" was set. In the runtime, the logfile can be reset with the SIGHUP signal to the
turnserver process.
--alternate-server
Option to set the "redirection" mode. The value of this option will be the address of the
alternate server for UDP & TCP service in form of <ip>[:<port>]. The server will send this value
in the attribute ALTERNATE-SERVER, with error 300, on ALLOCATE request, to the client. Client
will receive only values with the same address family as the client network endpoint address
family. See RFC 5389 and RFC 5766 for ALTERNATE-SERVER functionality description. The client
must use the obtained value for subsequent TURN communications. If more than one
--alternate-server options are provided, then the functionality can be more accurately described
as "load-balancing" than a mere "redirection". If the port number is omitted, then the default
port number 3478 for the UDP/TCP protocols will be used. Colon (:) characters in IPv6 addresses
may conflict with the syntax of the option. To alleviate this conflict, literal IPv6 addresses are
enclosed in square brackets in such resource identifiers, for example:
[2001:db8:85a3:8d3:1319:8a2e:370:7348]:3478 . Multiple alternate servers can be set. They will be
used in the round-robin manner. All servers in the pool are considered of equal weight and the
load will be distributed equally. For example, if we have 4 alternate servers, then each server
will receive 25% of ALLOCATE requests. An alternate TURN server address can be used more than one
time with the alternate-server option, so this can emulate "weighting" of the servers.
--tls-alternate-server
Option to set alternative server for TLS & DTLS services in form of <ip>:<port>. If the port
number is omitted, then the default port number 5349 for the TLS/DTLS protocols will be used. See
the previous option for the functionality description.
-O, --redis-statsdb
Redis status and statistics database connection string, if used (default - empty, no Redis stats
DB used). This database keeps allocations status information, and it can be also used for
publishing and delivering traffic and allocation event notifications. This database option can be
used independently of --redis-userdb option, and actually Redis can be used for status/statistics
and SQLite or MySQL or MongoDB or PostgreSQL can be used for the user database. The connection
string has the same parameters as redis-userdb connection string.
--max-allocate-timeout
Max time, in seconds, allowed for full allocation establishment. Default is 60 seconds.
--denied-peer-ip=<IPaddr[-IPaddr]>
--allowed-peer-ip=<IPaddr[-IPaddr]> Options to ban or allow specific ip addresses or ranges of ip
addresses. If an ip address is specified as both allowed and denied, then the ip address is considered to
be allowed. This is useful when you wish to ban a range of ip addresses, except for a few specific ips
within that range. This can be used when you do not want users of the turn server to be able to access
machines reachable by the turn server, but would otherwise be unreachable from the internet (e.g. when
the turn server is sitting behind a NAT). The 'white" and "black" peer IP ranges can also be dynamically
changed in the database. The allowed/denied addresses (white/black lists) rules are very simple:
1) If there is no rule for an address, then it is allowed;
2) If there is an "allowed" rule that fits the address then it is allowed - no matter what;
3) If there is no "allowed" rule that fits the address, and if there is a "denied" rule that fits
the address, then it is denied.
--pidfile
File name to store the pid of the process. Default is /var/run/turnserver.pid (if superuser
account is used) or /var/tmp/turnserver.pid .
--acme-redirect
<URL> Redirect ACME/RFC8555 (like Let's Encrypt challenge) requests, i.e. HTTP GET requests
matching '^/.well-known/acme-challenge/(.*)' to <URL>$1 with $1 == (.*). No validation of <URL>
will be done, so make sure you do not forget the trailing slash. If <URL> is an empty string (the
default value), no special handling of such requests will be done.
--proc-user
User name to run the process. After the initialization, the turnserver process will make an
attempt to change the current user ID to that user.
--proc-group
Group name to run the process. After the initialization, the turnserver process will make an
attempt to change the current group ID to that group.
-K, --keep-address-family
TURN server allocates address family according TURN Client <=> Server communication address
family. !! It breaks RFC6156 section-4.2 (violates default IPv4) !!
--cli-ip
Local system IP address to be used for CLI management interface. The turnserver process can be
accessed for management with telnet, at this IP address and on the CLI port (see the next
parameter). Default value is 127.0.0.1. You can use telnet or putty (in telnet mode) to access
the CLI management interface.
--cli-port
CLI management interface listening port. Default is 5766.
--cli-password
CLI access password. Default is empty (no password). For the security reasons, it is recommended
to use the encrypted form of the password (see the -P command in the turnadmin utility). The
dollar signs in the encrypted form must be escaped.
--cli-max-output-sessions
Maximum number of output sessions in ps CLI command. This value can be changed on-the-fly in CLI.
The default value is 256.
--web-admin
Enable Turn Web-admin support. By default it is disabled.
--web-admin-ip=<IP>
Local system IP address to be used for Web-admin server endpoint. Default value is 127.0.0.1.
--web-admin-port=<port>
Web-admin server port. Default is 8080.
--web-admin-listen-on-workers
Enable for web-admin server to listens on STUN/TURN workers STUN/TURN ports. By default it is
disabled for security resons! (This behavior used to be the default behavior, and was enabled by
default.)
--ne=[1|2|3]
Set network engine type for the process (for internal purposes).
==================================
LOAD BALANCE AND PERFORMANCE TUNING
This topic is covered in the wiki page:
https://github.com/coturn/coturn/wiki/turn_performance_and_load_balance
===================================
WEBRTC USAGE
This is a set of notes for the WebRTC users:
1) WebRTC uses long-term authentication mechanism, so you have to use -a option (or --lt-cred-mech).
WebRTC relaying will not work with anonymous access. With -a option, do not forget to set the default
realm (-r option). You will also have to set up the user accounts, for that you have a number of
options:
a) command-line options (-u).
b) a database table (SQLite or PostgreSQL or MySQL or MongoDB). You will have to
set keys with turnadmin utility (see docs and wiki for turnadmin).
You cannot use open passwords in the database.
c) Redis key/value pair(s), if Redis is used. You key use either keys or
open passwords with Redis; see turndb/testredisdbsetup.sh file.
d) You also can use the TURN REST API. You will need shared secret(s) set
either through the command line option, or through the config file, or through
the database table or Redis key/value pairs.
2) Usually WebRTC uses fingerprinting (-f).
3) -v option may be nice to see the connected clients.
4) -X is needed if you are running your TURN server behind a NAT.
5) --min-port and --max-port may be needed if you want to limit the relay endpoints ports number range.
===================================
TURN REST API
In WebRTC, the browser obtains the TURN connection information from the web server. This information is a
secure information - because it contains the necessary TURN credentials. As these credentials are
transmitted over the public networks, we have a potential security breach.
If we have to transmit a valuable information over the public network, then this information has to have
a limited lifetime. Then the guy who obtains this information without permission will be able to perform
only limited damage.
This is how the idea of TURN REST API - time-limited TURN credentials - appeared. This security mechanism
is based upon the long-term credentials mechanism. The main idea of the REST API is that the web server
provides the credentials to the client, but those credentials can be used only limited time by an
application that has to create a TURN server connection.
The "classic" long-term credentials mechanism (LTCM) is described here:
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5389#section-10.2
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5389#section-15.4
For authentication, each user must know two things: the username and the password. Optionally, the user
must supply the ORIGIN value, so that the server can figure out the realm to be used for the user. The
nonce and the realm values are supplied by the TURN server. But LTCM is not saying anything about the
nature and about the persistence of the username and of the password; and this is used by the REST API.
In the TURN REST API, there is no persistent passwords for users. A user has just the username. The
password is always temporary, and it is generated by the web server on-demand, when the user accesses the
WebRTC page. And, actually, a temporary one-time session only, username is provided to the user, too.
The temporary user is generated as:
temporary-username="timestamp" + ":" + "username"
where username is the persistent user name, and the timestamp format is just seconds since 1970 - the
same value as time(NULL) function returns.
The temporary password is obtained as HMAC-SHA1 function over the temporary username, with shared secret
as the HMAC key, and then the result is encoded:
temporary-password = base64_encode(hmac-sha1(shared-secret, temporary-username))
Both the TURN server and the web server know the same shared secret. How the shared secret is distributed
among the involved entities is left to the WebRTC deployment details - this is beyond the scope of the
TURN REST API.
So, a timestamp is used for the temporary password calculation, and this timestamp can be retrieved from
the temporary username. This information is valuable, but only temporary, while the timestamp is not
expired. Without knowledge of the shared secret, a new temporary password cannot be generated.
This is all formally described in Justin's Uberti TURN REST API document that can be obtained following
the link "TURN REST API" in the TURN Server project's page https://github.com/coturn/coturn/.
Once the temporary username and password are obtained by the client (browser) application, then the rest
is just 'classic" long-term credentials mechanism. For developers, we are going to describe it
step-by-step below:
• a new TURN client sends a request command to the TURN server. Optionally, it adds the ORIGIN
field to it.
• TURN server sees that this is a new client and the message is not authenticated.
• the TURN server generates a random nonce string, and return the error 401 to the client, with
nonce and realm included. If the ORIGIN field was present in the client request, it may affect
the realm value that the server chooses for the client.
• the client sees the 401 error and it extracts two values from the error response: the nonce and
the realm.
• the client uses username, realm and password to produce a key:
key = MD5(username ":" realm ":" SASLprep(password))
(SASLprep is described here: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4013)
• the client forms a new request, adds username, realm and nonce to the request. Then, the client
calculates and adds the integrity field to the request. This is the trickiest part of the
process, and it is described in the end of section 15.4:
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5389#section-15.4
• the client, optionally, adds the fingerprint field. This may be also a tricky procedure,
described in section 15.5 of the same document. WebRTC usually uses fingerprinted TURN
messages.
• the TURN server receives the request, reads the username.
• then the TURN server checks that the nonce and the realm in the request are the valid ones.
• then the TURN server calculates the key.
• then the TURN server calculates the integrity field.
• then the TURN server compares the calculated integrity field with the received one - they must
be the same. If the integrity fields differ, then the request is rejected.
In subsequent communications, the client may go with exactly the same sequence, but for optimization
usually the client, having already information about realm and nonce, pre-calculates the integrity string
for each request, so that the 401 error response becomes unnecessary. The TURN server may use
"--stale-nonce" option for extra security: in some time, the nonce expires and the client will obtain 438
error response with the new nonce, and the client will have to start using the new nonce.
In subsequent communications, the server and the client will always assume the same password - the
original password becomes the session parameter and is never expiring. So the password is not changing
while the session is valid and unexpired. So, if the session is properly maintained, it may go forever,
even if the user password has been already changed (in the database). The session simply is using the old
password. Once the session got disconnected, the client will have to use the new password to re-connect
(if the password has been changed).
An example when a new shared secret is generated every hour by the TURN server box and then supplied to
the web server, remotely, is provided in the script examples/scripts/restapi/shared_secret_maintainer.pl
.
A very important thing is that the nonce must be totally random and it must be different for different
clients and different sessions.
===================================
DATABASES
For the user database, the turnserver has the following options:
1) Users can be set in the command line, with multiple -u or --user options. Obviously, only a few
users can be set that way, and their credentials are fixed for the turnserver process lifetime.
2) Users can be stored in SQLite DB. The default SQLite database file is /var/db/turndb or
/usr/local/var/db/turndb or /var/lib/turn/turndb.
3) Users can be stored in PostgreSQL database, if the turnserver was compiled with PostgreSQL support.
Each time turnserver checks user credentials, it reads the database (asynchronously, of course, so
that the current flow of packets is not delayed in any way), so any change in the database content is
immediately visible by the turnserver. This is the way if you need the best scalability. The schema
for the database can be found in schema.sql file. For long-term credentials, you have to set the
"keys" for the users; the "keys" are generated by the turnadmin utility. For the key generation, you
need username, password and the realm. All users in the database must use the same realm value; if
down the road you will decide to change the realm name, then you will have to re-generate all user
keys (that can be done in a batch script). See the file turndb/testsqldbsetup.sql as an example.
4) The same is true for MySQL database. The same schema file is applicable. The same considerations are
applicable.
5) The same is true for the Redis database, but the Redis database has aa different schema - it can be
found (in the form of explanation) in schema.userdb.redis. Also, in Redis you can store both "keys"
and open passwords (for long term credentials) - the "open password" option is less secure but more
convenient for low-security environments. See the file turndb/testredisdbsetup.sh as an example.
6) If a database is used, then users can be divided into multiple independent realms. Each realm can be
administered separately, and each realm can have its own set of users and its own performance options
(max-bps, user-quota, total-quota).
7) If you use MongoDB, the database will be setup for you automatically.
8) Of course, the turnserver can be used in non-secure mode, when users are allowed to establish
sessions anonymously. But in most cases (like WebRTC) that will not work.
For the status and statistics database, there are two choices:
1) The simplest choice is not to use it. Do not set --redis-statsdb option, and this functionality will
be simply ignored.
2) If you choose to use it, then set the --redis-statsdb option. This may be the same database as in
--redis-userdb option, or it may be a different database. You may want to use different database for
security or convenience reasons. Also, you can use different database management systems for the user
database and for the ststus and statistics database. For example, you can use MySQL as the user
database, and you can use redis for the statistics. Or you can use Redis for both.
So, we have 6 choices for the user management, and 2 choices for the statistics management. These two are
totally independent. So, you have overall 6*2=12 ways to handle persistent information, choose any for
your convenience.
You do not have to handle the database information "manually" - the turnadmin program can handle
everything for you. For PostgreSQL and MySQL you will just have to create an empty database with
schema.sql SQL script. With Redis, you do not have to do even that - just run turnadmin and it will set
the users for you (see the turnadmin manuals). If you are using SQLite, then the turnserver or turnadmin
will initialize the empty database, for you, when started. The TURN server installation process creates
an empty initialized SQLite database in the default location (/var/db/turndb or /usr/local/var/db/turndb
or /var/lib/turn/turndb, depending on the system).
=================================
ALPN
The server supports ALPNs "stun.turn" and "stun.nat-discovery", when compiled with OpenSSL 1.0.2 or
newer. If the server receives a TLS/DTLS ClientHello message that contains one or both of those ALPNs,
then the server chooses the first stun.* label and sends it back (in the ServerHello) in the ALPN
extension field. If no stun.* label is found, then the server does not include the ALPN information into
the ServerHello.
=================================
LIBRARIES
In the lib/ sub-directory the build process will create TURN client messaging library. In the include/
sub-directory, the necessary include files will be placed. The C++ wrapper for the messaging
functionality is located in TurnMsgLib.h header. An example of C++ code can be found in stunclient.c
file.
=================================
DOCS
After installation, run the command:
$ man turnserver
or in the project root directory:
$ man -M man turnserver
to see the man page.
In the docs/html subdirectory of the original archive tree, you will find the client library reference.
After the installation, it will be placed in PREFIX/share/doc/turnserver/html.
=================================
LOGS
When the TURN Server starts, it makes efforts to create a log file turn_<pid>.log in the following
directories:
• /var/log
• /log/
• /var/tmp
• /tmp
• current directory
If all efforts failed (due to the system permission settings) then all log messages are sent only to the
standard output of the process.
This behavior can be controlled by --log-file, --syslog and --no-stdout-log options.
=================================
HTTPS MANAGEMENT INTERFACE
The turnserver process provides an HTTPS Web access as statistics and basic management interface. The
turnserver listens to incoming HTTPS admin connections on the same ports as the main TURN/STUN listener.
The Web admin pages are basic and self-explanatory.
To make the HTTPS interface active, the database table admin_user must be populated with the admin user
account(s). An admin user can be a superuser (if not assigned to a particular realm) or a restricted user
(if assigned to a realm). The restricted admin users can perform only limited actions, within their
corresponding realms.
=================================
TELNET CLI
The turnserver process provides a telnet CLI access as statistics and basic management interface. By
default, the turnserver starts a telnet CLI listener on IP 127.0.0.1 and port 5766. That can be changed
by the command-cline options of the turnserver process (see --cli-ip and --cli-port options). The full
list of telnet CLI commands is provided in "help" command output in the telnet CLI.
=================================
CLUSTERS
TURN Server can be a part of the cluster installation. But, to support the "even port" functionality
(RTP/RTCP streams pairs) the client requests from a particular IP must be delivered to the same TURN
Server instance, so it requires some networking setup massaging for the cluster. The reason is that the
RTP and RTCP relaying endpoints must be allocated on the same relay IP. It would be possible to design a
scheme with the application-level requests forwarding (and we may do that later) but it would affect the
performance.
=================================
FILES
/etc/turnserver.conf
/var/db/turndb
/usr/local/var/db/turndb
/var/lib/turn/turndb
/usr/local/etc/turnserver.conf
=================================
DIRECTORIES
/usr/local/share/turnserver
/usr/local/share/doc/turnserver
/usr/local/share/examples/turnserver
=================================
STANDARDS
obsolete STUN RFC 3489
new STUN RFC 5389
TURN RFC 5766
TURN-TCP extension RFC 6062
TURN IPv6 extension RFC 6156
STUN/TURN test vectors RFC 5769
STUN NAT behavior discovery RFC 5780
=================================
SEE ALSO
turnadmin, turnutils
======================================
WEB RESOURCES
project page:
https://github.com/coturn/coturn/
Wiki page:
https://github.com/coturn/coturn/wiki
forum:
https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups=#!forum/turn-server-project-rfc5766-turn-server
======================================
AUTHORS
Oleg Moskalenko <mom040267@gmail.com>
Gabor Kovesdan http://kovesdan.org/
Daniel Pocock http://danielpocock.com/
John Selbie (jselbie@gmail.com)
Lee Sylvester <lee@designrealm.co.uk>
Erik Johnston <erikj@openmarket.com>
Roman Lisagor <roman@demonware.net>
Vladimir Tsanev <tsachev@gmail.com>
Po-sheng Lin <personlin118@gmail.com>
Peter Dunkley <peter.dunkley@acision.com>
Mutsutoshi Yoshimoto <mutsutoshi.yoshimoto@mixi.co.jp>
Federico Pinna <fpinna@vivocha.com>
Bradley T. Hughes <bradleythughes@fastmail.fm>
Mihály Mészáros <misi@majd.eu>
ACTIVE MAINTAINERS
Mihály Mészáros <misi@majd.eu>
10 January 2021 TURN(1)