Provided by: germinate_2.38_all 
NAME
germinate — expand dependencies in a list of seed packages
SYNOPSIS
germinate [-v] [-S source] [-s dist] [-m mirror] [-d dist,...] [-a arch] [-c component,...]
[--vcs={auto|bzr|git}] [--no-rdepends] [--no-installer]
DESCRIPTION
germinate is a program to help with the maintenance of large software distributions. It takes a list of
seed packages and a mirror of the distribution, and produces outputs with the seed packages and their
dependencies and build-dependencies expanded out in full.
Seeds
The contents of the Ubuntu distribution, and others, are managed by means of seeds. At their simplest,
these are lists of packages which are considered important to have in the main component of the
distribution, without explicitly listing all their dependencies and build-dependencies.
Seed lists are typically divided up by category: a base or minimal seed might list the core set of
packages required to make the system run at all, while a desktop seed might list the set of packages
installed as part of a default desktop installation. germinate takes these seeds, adds their dependency
trees, and produces an output for each seed which contains a dependency-expanded list of package names.
These outputs may be handed on to archive maintenance or CD-building tools.
Some seeds may inherit from other seeds: they rely on those seeds to be installed. For example, a
desktop seed will typically inherit from a minimal seed. germinate understands these inheritance
relationships. If a package in the desktop seed depends on ‘foo’, but ‘foo’ is already part of the
minimal seed or dependency list, then ‘foo’ will not be added to the desktop output.
Seeds are stored in text files downloaded from a given URL. Lines not beginning with ‘ * ’ (wiki-style
list markup) are ignored.
Seed entries may simply consist of a package name, or may include any of the following special syntax:
% Seed entries beginning with ‘%’ expand to all binaries from the given source package.
[...] Seed entries may be followed with ‘ [arch1 arch2 ...]’ to indicate that they should only be used
on the given architectures, or with ‘ [!arch1 !arch2 ...]’ to indicate that they should not be
used on the given architectures.
(...) Seed entries in parentheses indicate that the seed should be treated as a recommendation of
metapackages generated from this seed, rather than as a dependency.
! Seed entries beginning with ‘!’ cause the given package to be blacklisted from the given seed and
any seeds from which it inherits; this may be followed by ‘%’ as above to blacklist all binaries
from the given source package. Note that this may result in uninstallable packages whose
dependencies have been blacklisted, so use this feature sparingly. The purpose of a blacklist is
to make it obvious when a package that is not supposed to be installed ends up in germinate's
output, so that package relationships can be fixed to stop that happening. It is not intended
for the purpose of working around buggy package relationships, and attempts to do so will not
work because apt has no way to know about blacklist entries in seeds.
snap:name
Seed entries beginning with ‘snap:’ are snap packages. These are different from deb packages in
that they do not have (build-)dependencies, cannot be recommended, and do not end up in any
resulting metapackages. (If you try to recommend a snap package, it will be ignored completely.)
Snaps specified in seeds will be output in a .snaps file named after the corresponding seed, as
software processing the output of germinate will typically need to treat snaps differently from
debs. germinate will not check remotely to see if a given snap is available, therefore seeds are
expected to explicitly list all architectures a snap is to be seeded on. ‘snap:’ entries can
also be suffixed with "/classic" to indicate that the snaps need to be installed with classic
confinement on end-user systems.
key: value
Some seeds also contain headers at the top of the file, in “key: value” format. For the most
part, these are not parsed by germinate itself. The Ubuntu tasksel package uses keys beginning
with ‘Task-’ to define fields of similar names in its .desc files.
germinate-update-metapackage(1) uses some of these headers to reduce the need for fragile
configuration; see its documentation for further details.
A STRUCTURE file alongside the seeds lists their inheritance relationships. It may also include lines
beginning with ‘include’, causing other collections of seeds to be included as if they were part of the
collection currently being germinated, or lines beginning with ‘feature’, which set flags for the
processing of seeds. Features may also be set on a per-seed basis using lines beginning with
‘ * Feature:’ in the seed file.
The following flags are currently defined:
follow-build-depends
Follow Build-Depends fields. This flag is only recognised in individual seed files, not in
STRUCTURE.
follow-build-depends-all
Follow Build-Depends fields for Architecture: all packages. This has no effect if
no-follow-build-depends is set.
follow-recommends
Treat Recommends fields as if they were Depends.
no-follow-build-depends
Do not follow Build-Depends fields.
no-follow-build-depends-all
Do not follow Build-Depends fields for Architecture: all packages, even though Build-Depends are
followed for other packages.
no-follow-recommends
Do not treat Recommends fields as if they were Depends. This flag is only recognised in
individual seed files, not in STRUCTURE.
Build-dependencies and ‘supported’
There is typically no need for a default desktop installation to contain all the compilers and
development libraries needed to build itself from source; if nothing else, it would consume much more
space. Nevertheless, it is normally a requirement for the maintainers of a distribution to support all
the packages necessary to build that distribution.
germinate therefore does not add all the packages that result from following build-dependencies of seed
packages and of their dependencies (the “build-dependency tree”) to every output, unless they are also in
the seed or in the dependency list. Instead, it adds them to the output for the last seed in the
STRUCTURE file, conventionally called supported.
Like any other seed, the supported seed may contain its own list of packages. It is common to provide
support for many software packages which are not in the default installation, such as debugging
libraries, optimised kernels, alternative language support, and the like.
Outputs
The output files are named after the seed to which they correspond. An additional output file is needed
for supported, namely ‘supported+build-depends’, which contains the supported list and the build-depends
lists of the other seeds all joined together. An ‘all’ output is produced to represent the entire
archive.
Some other files are produced for occasional use by experts. See the README file for full details on
these.
OPTIONS
-v, --verbose
Be more verbose when processing seeds.
-S, --seed-source source,...
Fetch seeds from the specified sources. The default is
http://people.canonical.com/~ubuntu-archive/seeds/, or
http://bazaar.launchpad.net/~ubuntu-core-dev/ubuntu-seeds/ if the --vcs=bzr option is used, or
git://git.launchpad.net/~ubuntu-core-dev/ubuntu-seeds/+git/ if the --vcs=git option is used. You
may use file:// URLs here to fetch seeds from the local file system; for example, if your seeds are
stored in /home/username/seeds/debian.unstable, then you would use the options -S
file:///home/username/seeds/ -s debian.unstable.
-s, --seed-dist dist
Fetch seeds for distribution dist. The default is ubuntu.bionic.
When fetching seeds from git, the part after the rightmost ‘.’ character, if any, is treated as the
branch name to check out; this rather strange style is for backward compatibility.
-m, --mirror mirror
Get package lists from mirror. The default is http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/. May be supplied
multiple times; the newest version of each package across all archives will win.
--source-mirror mirror
Get source package lists from mirror. The default is to use package lists mirrors. May be
supplied multiple times; the newest version of each source package across all archives will win.
-d, --dist dist,...
Operate on the specified distributions. The default is bionic. Listing multiple distributions may
be useful, for example, when examining both a released distribution and its security updates.
-a, --arch arch
Operate on architecture arch. The default is i386.
-c, --components component,...
Operate on the specified components. The default is main.
--vcs={auto|bzr|git}
Check out seeds from a version control system rather than fetching them directly from a URL.
Requires bzr or git, as appropriate, to be installed. For bzr, use the branch found at
seed-source/seed-dist; for git, remove the part after the rightmost ‘.’ character of seed-dist and
use it as the branch name to check out from seed-source/remainder-of-seed-dist. For auto, guess
the version control system to use from seed-source (trying both in ambiguous cases) and then
proceed as above.
--bzr
Check out seeds from the bzr branch found at seed-source/seed-dist rather than fetching them
directly from a URL. Requires bzr to be installed. This option is deprecated and is retained for
backward compatibility; use --vcs=bzr instead.
--no-rdepends
Disable reverse-dependency calculations. These calculations cause a large number of small files to
be written out in the rdepends/ directory, and may take some time.
--no-installer
Do not consider debian-installer udeb packages. While generally not the desired outcome, sometimes
you might wish to omit consideration of installer packages when processing your seeds, perhaps if
sending the output directly to the package manager on an already-installed system.
--seed-packages parent/pkg,...
Treat each pkg as a seed by itself, inheriting from parent (i.e. assuming that all packages in the
parent seed are already installed while calculating the additional dependencies of pkg). This
allows the use of germinate to calculate the dependencies of individual extra packages. For
example, --seed-packages desktop/epiphany-browser will create an epiphany-browser output file
listing the additional packages that need to be installed over and above the desktop seed in order
to install epiphany-browser.
--always-follow-build-depends
Always follow Build-Depends in all seeds, regardless of seed feature flags.
BUGS
The wiki-style markup in seeds was inherited from an early implementation, and is a wart.
germinate can sometimes be confused by complicated situations involving the order in which it encounters
dependencies on virtual packages. Explicit entries in seeds may be required to work around this.
Handling of installer packages (udebs) is complicated, poorly documented, and doesn't always work quite
right: in particular, packages aren't demoted to the supported seed when they should be.
AUTHORS
Scott James Remnant <scott@canonical.com>
Colin Watson <cjwatson@canonical.com>
germinate is copyright © 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Canonical Ltd. See the GNU General Public License
version 2 or later for copying conditions. A copy of the GNU General Public License is available in
/usr/share/common-licenses/GPL.
Ubuntu May 27, 2005 GERMINATE(1)