Ubuntu Manpage: mmv - move/copy/append/link multiple files by wildcard patterns

NAME

       mmv - move/copy/append/link multiple files by wildcard patterns

SYNOPSIS

       mmv [-m|x|r|c|o|a|l|s] [-h] [-d|p] [-g|t] [-v|n] [--] [from to]

EXAMPLES

       Rename all *.jpeg files in the current directory to *.jpg:

          mmv '*.jpeg' '#1.jpg'

       Replace the first occurrence of abc with xyz in all files in the current directory:

          mmv '*abc*' '#1xyz#2'

       Rename  files  ending  in  .html.en,  .html.de, etc. to ending in .en.html, .de.html, etc. in the current
       directory:

          mmv '*.html.??' '#1.#2#3.html'

       Rename music files from <track no.> - <interpreter> - <song title>.ogg to <interpreter> - <track  no.>  -
       <song title>.ogg in the current directory:

          mmv '* - * - *.ogg' '#2 - #1 - #3.ogg'

DESCRIPTION

Mmv moves (or copies, appends, or links, as specified) each source file matching a from pattern to the
target name specified by the to pattern. This multiple action is performed safely, i.e. without any
unexpected deletion of files due to collisions of target names with existing filenames or with other
target names. Furthermore, before doing anything, mmv attempts to detect any errors that would result
from the entire set of actions specified and gives the user the choice of either proceeding by avoiding
the offending parts or aborting. mmv does support large files (LFS) but it does *NOT* support sparse
files (i.e. it explodes them).

The Task Options

Whether mmv moves, copies, appends, or links is governed by the first set of options given above. If
none of these are specified, the task is given by the command name under which mmv was invoked (argv[0]):

command name default task

mmv -x
mcp -c
mad -a
mln -l

The task option choices are:

-m : move source file to target name. Both must be on the same device. Will not move directories. If
the source file is a symbolic link, moves the link without checking if the link's target from the
new directory is different than the old.

-x : same as -m, except cross-device moves are done by copying, then deleting source. When copying,
sets the permission bits and file modification time of the target file to that of the source file.

-r : rename source file or directory to target name. The target name must not include a path: the file
remains in the same directory in all cases. This option is the only way of renaming directories
under mmv.

-c : copy source file to target name. Sets the file modification time and permission bits of the
target file to that of the source file, regardless of whether the target file already exists.
Chains and cycles (to be explained below) are not allowed.

-o : overwrite target name with source file. If target file exists, it is overwritten, keeping its
original owner and permission bits. If it does not exist, it is created, with read-write
permission bits set according to umask(1), and the execute permission bits copied from the source
file. In either case, the file modification time is set to the current time.

-a : append contents of source file to target name. Target file modification time is set to the
current time. If target file does not exist, it is created with permission bits set as under -o.
Unlike all other options, -a allows multiple source files to have the same target name, e.g. "mmv
-a \*.c big" will append all ".c" files to "big". Chains and cycles are also allowed, so "mmv -a
f f" will double up "f".

-l : link target name to source file. Both must be on the same device, and the source must not be a
directory. Chains and cycles are not allowed.

-s : same as -l, but use symbolic links instead of hard links. For the resulting link to aim back at
the source, either the source name must begin with a '/', or the target must reside in either the
current or the source directory. If none of these conditions are met, the link is refused.
However, source and target can reside on different devices, and the source can be a directory.

Only one of these option may be given, and it applies to all matching files. Remaining options need not
be given separately, i.e. "mmv -mk" is allowed.

Multiple Pattern Pairs / Reading Patterns from STDIN

Multiple from -- to pattern pairs may be specified by omitting the pattern pair on the command line, and
entering them on the standard input, one pair per line. (If a pattern pair is given on the command line,
the standard input is not read.) Thus,

mmv
a b
c d

would rename "a" to "b" and "c" to "d". If a file can be matched to several of the given from patterns,
the to pattern of the first matching pair is used. Thus,

mmv
a b
a c

would give the error message "a -> c : no match" because file "a" (even if it exists) was already matched
by the first pattern pair.

WARNING: This operation mode does not work if the patterns itself contain spaces. See
http://bugs.debian.org/149873 for details.

The From Pattern

The from pattern is a filename with embedded wildcards: '*', '?', '['...']', and ';'. The first three
have their usual sh(1) meanings of, respectively, matching any string of characters, matching any single
character, and matching any one of a set of characters.

Between the '[' and ']', a range from character 'a' through character 'z' is specified with "a-z". The
set of matching characters can be negated by inserting a '^' after the '['. Thus, "[^b-e2-5_]" will
match any character but 'b' through 'e', '2' through '5', and '_'.

Note that paths are allowed in the patterns, and wildcards may be intermingled with slashes arbitrarily.
The ';' wildcard is useful for matching files at any depth in the directory tree. It matches the same as
"*/" repeated any number of times, including zero, and can only occur either at the beginning of the
pattern or following a '/'. Thus ";*.c" will match all ".c" files in or below the current directory,
while "/;*.c" will match them anywhere on the file system.

In addition, if the from pattern (or the to pattern) begins with "~/", the '~' is replaced with the home
directory name. (Note that the "~user" feature of csh(1) is not implemented.) However, the '~' is not
treated as a wildcard, in the sense that it is not assigned a wildcard index (see below).

Since matching a directory under a task option other than -r or -s would result in an error, tasks other
than -r and -s match directories only against completely explicit from patterns (i.e. not containing
wildcards). Under -r and -s, this applies only to "." and "..".

Files beginning with '.' are only matched against from patterns that begin with an explicit '.'.
However, if -h is specified, they are matched normally.

Warning: since the shell normally expands wildcards before passing the command-line arguments to mmv, it
is usually necessary to enclose the command-line from and to patterns in quotes.

The To Pattern

The to pattern is a filename with embedded wildcard indexes, where an index consists of the character '#'
followed by a string of digits. When a source file matches a from pattern, a target name for the file is
constructed out of the to pattern by replacing the wildcard indexes by the actual characters that matched
the referenced wildcards in the source name. Thus, if the from pattern is "abc*.*" and the to pattern is
"xyz#2.#1", then "abc.txt" is targeted to "xyztxt.". (The first '*' matched "", and the second matched
"txt".) Similarly, for the pattern pair ";*.[clp]" -> "#1#3/#2", "foo1/foo2/prog.c" is targeted to
"foo1/foo2/c/prog". Note that there is no '/' following the "#1" in the to pattern, since the string
matched by any ';' is always either empty or ends in a '/'. In this case, it matches "foo1/foo2/".

To convert the string matched by a wildcard to either lowercase or uppercase before embedding it in the
target name, insert 'l' or 'u', respectively, between the '#' and the string of digits.

The to pattern, like the from pattern, can begin with a "~/" (see above). This does not necessitate
enclosing the to pattern in quotes on the command line since csh(1) expands the '~' in the exact same
manner as mmv (or, in the case of sh(1), does not expand it at all).

For all task options other than -r, if the target name is a directory, the real target name is formed by
appending a '/' followed by the last component of the source file name. For example, "mmv dir1/a dir2"
will, if "dir2" is indeed a directory, actually move "dir1/a" to "dir2/a". However, if "dir2/a" already
exists and is itself a directory, this is considered an error.

To strip any character (e.g. '*', '?', or '#') of its special meaning to mmv, as when the actual
replacement name must contain the character '#', precede the special character with a ´\' (and enclose
the argument in quotes because of the shell). This also works to terminate a wildcard index when it has
to be followed by a digit in the filename, e.g. "a#1\1".

Chains and Cycles

A chain is a sequence of specified actions where the target name of one action refers to the source file
of another action. For example,

mmv
a b
b c

specifies the chain "a" -> "b" -> "c". A cycle is a chain where the last target name refers back to the
first source file, e.g. "mmv a a". Mmv detects chains and cycles regardless of the order in which their
constituent actions are actually given. Where allowed, i.e. in moving, renaming, and appending files,
chains and cycles are handled gracefully, by performing them in the proper order. Cycles are broken by
first renaming one of the files to a temporary name (or just remembering its original size when doing
appends).

Collisions and Deletions

When any two or more matching files would have to be moved, copied, or linked to the same target
filename, mmv detects the condition as an error before performing any actions. Furthermore, mmv checks
if any of its actions will result in the destruction of existing files. If the -d (delete) option is
specified, all file deletions or overwrites are done silently. Under -p (protect), all deletions or
overwrites (except those specified with "(*)" on the standard input, see below) are treated as errors.
And if neither option is specified, the user is queried about each deletion or overwrite separately. (A
new stream to "/dev/tty" is used for all interactive queries, not the standard input.)

Error Handling

Whenever any error in the user's action specifications is detected, an error message is given on the
standard output, and mmv proceeds to check the rest of the specified actions. Once all errors are
detected, mmv queries the user whether he wishes to continue by avoiding the erroneous actions or to
abort altogether. This and all other queries may be avoided by specifying either the -g (go) or -t
(terminate) option. The former will resolve all difficulties by avoiding the erroneous actions; the
latter will abort mmv if any errors are detected. Specifying either of them defaults mmv to -p, unless
-d is specified (see above). Thus, -g and -t are most useful when running mmv in the background or in a
shell script, when interactive queries are undesirable.

Reports

Once the actions to be performed are determined, mmv performs them silently, unless either the -v
(verbose) or -n (no-execute) option is specified. The former causes mmv to report each performed action
on the standard output as

a -> b : done.

Here, "a" and "b" would be replaced by the source and target names, respectively. If the action deletes
the old target, a "(*)" is inserted after the the target name. Also, the "->" symbol is modified when a
cycle has to be broken: the '>' is changed to a '^' on the action prior to which the old target is
renamed to a temporary, and the '-' is changed to a '=' on the action where the temporary is used.

Under -n, none of the actions are performed, but messages like the above are printed on the standard
output with the ": done." omitted.

The output generated by -n can (after editing, if desired) be fed back to mmv on the standard input (by
omitting the from -- to pair on the mmv command line). To facilitate this, mmv ignores lines on the
standard input that look like its own error and "done" messages, as well as all lines beginning with
white space, and will accept pattern pairs with or without the intervening "->" (or "-^", "=>", or "=^").
Lines with "(*)" after the target pattern have the effect of enabling -d for the files matching this
pattern only, so that such deletions are done silently.

WARNING: This means that unexpected things may happen if files matched by the patterns contain spaces.
See http://bugs.debian.org/149873 for details.

When feeding mmv its own output, one must remember to specify again the task option (if any) originally
used to generate it.

Although mmv attempts to predict all mishaps prior to performing any specified actions, accidents may
happen. For example, mmv does not check for adequate free space when copying. Thus, despite all
efforts, it is still possible for an action to fail after some others have already been done. To make
recovery as easy as possible, mmv reports which actions have already been done and which are still to be
performed after such a failure occurs. It then aborts, not attempting to do anything else. Once the
user has cleared up the problem, he can feed this report back to mmv on the standard input to have it
complete the task. (The user is queried for a file name to dump this report if the standard output has
not been redirected.)

EXIT STATUS

       Mmv  exits  with  status  1 if it aborts before doing anything, with status 2 if it aborts due to failure
       after completing some of the actions, and with status 0 otherwise.

AUTHOR

       Vladimir Lanin
       lanin@csd2.nyu.edu

BUGS

       If the search pattern is not quoted, the shell expands the wildcards.   Mmv  then  (usually)  gives  some
       error message, but can not determine that the lack of quotes is the cause.

       To avoid difficulties in semantics and error checking, mmv refuses to move or create directories.

                                           November 20, 2001 (v1.0lfs)                                    MMV(1)